Psychological Disorders Chapter 18 Pages 409 431 Criteria

Psychological Disorders Chapter 18 Pages 409 - 431

Criteria used to determine Psychological Disorder �Behaviors, patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal problems or suffering �Exaggeration of certain behaviors or mental Psychological Disorders

Typicality �Degree to which is average or typical or behavior or mental process �Example: if somebody rearranges their locker after every single period, is that abnormal…. ?

Maladaptivity �Behavior impairs an individual’s ability to function adequately in everyday life �Examples: � Alcohol abuse � Suicide � Abusive to others

Emotional Discomfort �Suffering helplessness, hopelessness, and worthlessness, often suffering from depression or anxiety �Often loose interest in activity they used to enjoy

Socially Unacceptable Behavior �Behavior that violates a society’s accepted norms �Culture-bound syndrome- cluster of symptoms that define or describe an illness, often the behavior is seen differently by different cultures � Example: banging one’s head in Middle East culture person is seen as being possessed by an evil spirit or jinn, in the United States seen as a psychological disorder � What are exceptions? Or norms that have changed over time? � Example: during the years of slavery a runaway slave was seen as someone who was mad or crazy, of course now it seems completely understandable.

Typicality Maladaptive Emotional Discomfort Socially Unaccept. . Behavior

Assignment Find a partner: interview one of the following professionals 1. Police officer 2. Attorney 3. Judge 4. Psychologists Ask question: Does the insanity plea allow people to “get away” with crimes?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders…. DSM �American Psychiatric Association �Used as the guidelines to determine if somebody has a mental illness �The following slides are all the disorders that are listed in the DSM

Anxiety disorder �DSM lists the following as Anxiety disorders �Phobic disorder �Panic disorder �Generalized anxiety disorder �Obsessive-compulsive disorder �Stress disorders

Phobias �Intense irrational fear of something �What are your phobias? �Social Phobia: intense fear of social situation and having people make fun of you or feeling humiliated � Do you know anyone with this phobia?

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia �Panic attack- characteristic of these disorders, shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heart rate, trembling or shaking, sweating, choking etc. can last a few minutes to several hours. �Agoraphobia- fear of being in places in which escape would be impossible for difficult � What might be some examples? � 50 -80% of people with phobic disorder are one of the above � Both of these disorders can lead to avoidance behaviors � How could this be disruptive for daily life?

Role Play! �With a partner take about 5 minutes to create a scenario demonstrating a simple phobia, social phobia, panic disorder, or agoraphobia. �Include in your skit avoidance behavior to mask or manage the fear �Be ready to discuss ways in which anxiety disorders affect people’s work and social life.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder �Excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstance that lasts for more then 6 months �Most common anxiety disorder �Often people with GAD have other anxiety disorders too

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD �Obsessions- unwanted thoughts or ideas that occur over and over again (fear of somebody breaking into the house) �Compulsive- repetitive ritual behaviors, often involving checking and/or cleaning something over and over again (rechecking the locks on windows and doors of the house a dozen times or more before can relax)

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder �PTSD �Occurs have severe trauma: war, rape, child abuse, natural disaster etc. �Not everyone who experiences a trauma will develop this � Flashbacks � Nightmares � Numbness of feeling � Avoidance of situations related to trauma � Difficulty sleeping, relaxing Symptoms can start up to 6 months after trauma and last for years � Acute Stress disorder- similar to PTSD, but coming on sooner and not lasting as long �

Psychological Views on Anxiety Disorders �Based on learning theorists ideas- if child picks up spiders and adult freaks out then child learns to be phobic (think classical and operant conditioning)

Biological views �Born with disorders �Example: if one identical twin shows disorder the other has a 45% of developing the same �Passed down through the gene pool, ancestors more likely to survive and reproduce if they had fears of real dangers, such as heights, snakes etc.

Journal �What avoidance behaviors have you used to reduce anxiety about a particular situation or object, explain how facing the situation rather then avoiding might help you overcome it?

Dissociative Disorder �Do you sometimes space our during class? �Do you sometimes miss a turn off because you were thinking of something else? �Do you get so involved in a book or show that you don’t hear your name? �If you answered “yes” to any or all of the questions you have dissociated. Don’t worry you are not crazy!

Dissociative Disorder �People will remove themselves mentally from a stressful/ traumatic situation to lesson the anxiety �Sometimes people will lose their memory or identity

Dissociative Amnesia �Forget the events surrounding a stressful/traumatic event �Can last a few days to years �Not associated with head injury �Common during war time or natural disasters

Dissociative Fugue �Not only forgetting personal information and events, but relocating and taking on a new identity �When fugue ends the no longer remember being in the fugue state

Dissociative Identity Disorder �Multiple personality disorder (movie Sybil retells one of the most extreme and famous cases of this) �Two or more personalities with in the same person �Each personality has different voice, personality, facial expression �Personalities control the individual when they are in that state �Common in children who have experienced severe abuse

Depersonalization Disorder �Feelings of being outside body watching events going on around you �Again most often happens after traumatic or stressful event

Explaining dissociative disorders �psychoanalytic theory (Freud, Young) �Believed person is trying to resist undesirable urges or events from the past �Learning Theory- people have learned to not think about disturbing events as a way to avoid feelings of guilt, shame, or pain �No clear explanation as to the source for dissociative disorders

True/False Quiz �Fold sheet of paper in half (long ways) �Write 10 true/false questions on dissociative disorders on the left hand side of sheet �Write the answer to each question on the same line on the right hand of sheet �Switch with class mate and have them take your quiz

Mood Disorders �Extreme emotions that are not connected to “real” event or situatation �Depression- feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, sadness �Bipolar disorder- cycle of moods from depression to manic (elated, hyper-active etc. ) � Depression very common- every six months 8% of women and 4% of men will be diagnosed with depression… 8 – 18% of population will experience major depression in lifetime

Somatoform Disorders �Psychological distress through physical symptoms

Depression with 5 out of 9 �Persistent depressed mood for most of day �Loss of interest or pleasure in all activities �Significant weight loss or gain due to changes �Sleeping more or less than usual �Speeding up or slowing down of physical and emotional reactions �Fatigue or loss of energy �Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded guilt �Reduced ability to concentrate or make meaningful decisions �Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Bipolar �Manic phase can be characterized by following: �Inflated self-esteem �Inability to sit still or sleep restfully �Pressure to keep talking and switching from topic to topic �Racing thoughts (referred to as “flight of ideas”) �Difficulty concentrating

Theories on Mood Disorders �Psychoanalytic (Freud)- loss of real or imagined loved one as child, internalized feelings then directs as oneself �Learning Theorists- people learn helplessness makes them prone to depression �Cognitive Theorists- habitual style of explaining life events… �Internal- may fault �Stable- problem can not be changed �Global- problem too big to solve

Biological explanation Mood Disorders � 20 – 25% of people with mood disorder has a family member that also has it � 2 neurotransmitters: serotonin and noradrenalin if deficient in either mood disorder, if both often depression

Schizophrenia �Characterized with a loss of contact with reality �symptoms � Hallucinations � Delusions � Thought disorders � Catatonic stupor � *estimated that 2 million people in us have schizophrenia

Paranoid schizophrenia �Delusions/hallucinations- related to single theme

Disorganized schizophrenia �Disorganized speech and thought can also have hallucinations, but are more random and disorganized then paranoid schizophrenia

Catatonic Schizophrenia �Disturbance of movement, may hold very uncomfortable position for hours even after hands and legs swell �Activity can slow to stupor or become very agitated

Psychoanalytic Explanation �Overwhelming of ego by urges from id/ causing intense conflict

Psychological Views �Family environment can push/ “cause” schizophrenia, such as a pushy, or critical parent

Biological Views �Schizophrenic people have smaller frontal lobes then normal brain, affects: �Attention �Memory �Abstract thinking �Language �Suggested that difficulty forming pathways and synopses in that part of brain

Biological continued �Causes �Heredity- 10% increased chance if one parent has/35 – 40% if both �Complications during pregnancy- influenza (increased risk if born in winter/flu season), maternal starvation �Look at the Multifactorial model of Schizophrenia on page 429 (copy it for your exam)

Personality Disorders �Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life/ work etc �Enduring traits that become “part” of person’s personality vs. psychological disorders which exhibit episodes of illness, but can be distinguished from person’s personality

Personality disorders/characteristics �Paranoid- suspicious, distrust others’ motives �Schizoid- detachment from social behavior �Schizotypal- acute discomfort in close relationships �Antisocial- no concern for others �Borderline- instability in interpersonal relationships and selfimage �Histrionic- excessive emotionality, need for attention �Narcissistic- Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy �Avoidant- social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy �Dependent- submissive, clinging �Obsessive-Compulsive- obsession with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

Theories �Psychoanalytic- lack of development of superego (children rejected never develop sense of guilt) �Learning Theorists- children learn from violent role models, or anti-social role models �Cognitive Theorists- see other people’s behavior as threatening, use it to justify anti-social behaviors �Biological- higher in individuals with parents who have it/ differences in frontal part of lobe of the brain which handles emotions