Psychological Disorders Chapter 14 Conceptualizing Psychological Disorders The

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Psychological Disorders Chapter 14

Psychological Disorders Chapter 14

Conceptualizing Psychological Disorders The Medical Model Conceptualizes abnormal behavior as a disease Advantages Humane

Conceptualizing Psychological Disorders The Medical Model Conceptualizes abnormal behavior as a disease Advantages Humane treatment of people with “mental illness” Use of medical concepts Etiology Diagnosis Prognosis Disadvantages (Thomas Szasz) Stigmatizing Passivity Abnormal behavior is not illness

Abnormal Behavior o What is abnormal behavior? n n n o Deviant Maladaptive Causing

Abnormal Behavior o What is abnormal behavior? n n n o Deviant Maladaptive Causing personal distress A continuum of normal/abnormal

Stereotypes of Abnormal Behavior o Psychological disorders are incurable o People with psychological disorders

Stereotypes of Abnormal Behavior o Psychological disorders are incurable o People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous o People with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from “normal” people Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders

Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders o American Psychiatric Association o Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders o American Psychiatric Association o Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4 th ed. (DSM - 4) n Axis I Clinical Syndromes n Axis II Personality Disorders n Axis III General Medical Conditions n Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems n Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning

Axis I Clinical Syndromes o Anxiety Disorders o Somatoform Disorders o Dissociative Disorders o

Axis I Clinical Syndromes o Anxiety Disorders o Somatoform Disorders o Dissociative Disorders o Mood Disorders o Schizophrenic Disorders

Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders o Generalized n “free-floating anxiety” o Phobic n anxiety disorder

Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders o Generalized n “free-floating anxiety” o Phobic n anxiety disorder Specific focus of fear o Panic disorder and agoraphobia o Obsessive compulsive disorder Obsessions n Compulsions n o Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders o Biological factors n n o Conditioning and learning n

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders o Biological factors n n o Conditioning and learning n n o Judgments of perceived threat Personality n o Acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning Maintained through operant conditioning Cognitive factors n o Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity GABA circuits in the brain Neuroticism Stress—a precipitator

Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders o o o Somatization Disorder Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis n Etiology

Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders o o o Somatization Disorder Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis n Etiology Reactive autonomic nervous system o Personality factors o Cognitive factors o The sick role o

Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders o Dissociative amnesia o Dissociative fugue o Dissociative identity disorder

Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders o Dissociative amnesia o Dissociative fugue o Dissociative identity disorder n Etiology o severe n emotional trauma during childhood Controversy o Media creation?

Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders o Major depressive disorder n o Bipolar disorder n o

Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders o Major depressive disorder n o Bipolar disorder n o Dysthymic disorder Cyclothymic disorder Etiology n n n Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Cognitive factors Interpersonal roots Precipitating stress

Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders o Etiology n n n Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Cognitive

Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders o Etiology n n n Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Cognitive factors Interpersonal roots Precipitating stress

Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia o General n symptoms Major Symptoms o Irrational thought o Deterioration

Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia o General n symptoms Major Symptoms o Irrational thought o Deterioration of adaptive behavior o Distorted perception o Disturbed emotion o Prognostic factors

Subtyping of Schizophrenia o 4 subtypes Paranoid type n Catatonic type n Disorganized type

Subtyping of Schizophrenia o 4 subtypes Paranoid type n Catatonic type n Disorganized type n Undifferentiated type n o New n model for classification Positive vs. negative symptoms

Etiology of Schizophrenia o o o Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Structural abnormalities of the

Etiology of Schizophrenia o o o Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Structural abnormalities of the brain The neurodevelopmental hypothesis Expressed emotion Precipitating stress

Personality Disorders o Anxious-fearful n cluster Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive o Dramatic-impulsive n Histrionic, narcissistic,

Personality Disorders o Anxious-fearful n cluster Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive o Dramatic-impulsive n Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial o Odd-eccentric n cluster Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid o Etiology n Genetic predispositions, inadequate socialization in dysfunctional families

Psychological Disorders and the Law o Insanity n o M’naghten rule Involuntary commitment n

Psychological Disorders and the Law o Insanity n o M’naghten rule Involuntary commitment n n n danger to self danger to others in need of treatment

Culture and Pathology o Cultural variations o Culture bound disorders Koro n Windigo n

Culture and Pathology o Cultural variations o Culture bound disorders Koro n Windigo n Anorexia nervosa n