Psychological Disorders Chapter 12 Psychology An Introduction Charles

Psychological Disorders Chapter 12 Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Historical Views of Psychological Disorders l Stone Age-relieve brain pressure Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Pre. Classical Period China-institutions by 1140 B. C. l Egypt and the Babylonian Empire l l Evil spirits-5000 B. C. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Classical Period l Greeks 500 B. C. Brain center of Intelligence l 400 B. C. Hippocrates interested in Dream Analysis; Predisposition to Disorders l Alexander the Great l l Institutions l for the mentally ill Entertainment and exercise Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Medieval Period Exorcism l Amulets l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

15 th -18 th Centuries l Witchcraft Torture l Salem Witch Trials l l Saint Mary of Bethlehem in London l Bedlam Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Humane Treatment l Philippe Pinel l France, early 1800’s Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Classifying Psychological Disorders l Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V-TR) Focuses on significant behavioral patterns l Lists symptoms l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders 14. 9% experiencing some type of clinically significant mental disorder l Six percent suffering from substance abuse l Most common disorders are anxiety, phobias, and mood disorders l 1% Schizophrenia l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Mood Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Depression l l 90% of Mood Disorders Symptoms l l Major depressive disorder l l Overwhelming feelings of sadness Lack of interest in activities Excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness Intense symptoms that may last for several months Dysthymia l Less intense, but may last for periods of two years or more Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Severe Depressive Symptoms 26% of Women l 12% of Men l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

l Tricyclics l l Increase Norepinephrine Side effects: drowsiness, insomnia, tremors, blurred vision l l l Prevent MAO enzyme from completing reuptake of neurotransmitter Norepinephrine Side effects: cannot process beer, wine, cheese, and chocolate…leads to high blood pressure, intracranial pressure…death Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors l l Elavil MAO inhibitors l l Treatment Celexia, Zoloft, Paxil, and Prozac Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Mania Not as common as depression l Symptoms l Feelings of euphoria l Extreme physical activity l Excessive talkativeness l Grandiosity l l Mania rarely appears alone, but usually as part of bipolar disorder Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Bipolar Disorder Characterized by alternating between depression and mania l Periods of normal mood may come between bouts of depression and mania l Much less common than depression l Stronger biological component than depression l Treatment…Lithium Carbonate l Side Effects…Convulsions and Delirium l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Mood Disorders l Biological factors Twin studies demonstrate that genetic factors play a role in development of depression l Mood disorders may be linked to chemical imbalances in the brain l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Mood Disorders Psychological factors l Negative self-concept l l Cognitive distortions l Maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness l These responses are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Mood Disorders l Social factors Depression is linked to troubled close relationships l May explain greater incidence of depression in women, who tend to be more relationshiporiented l Depressed people can evoke anxiety and hostility in others, who then withdraw, which in turn can intensify feelings of depression l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Suicide 19, 000 people commit suicide in the U. S. every year, the 11 th leading cause of death l More women than men attempt suicide, but more men succeed l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

l Physicians have a suicide rate 7 times the general population Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Anxiety Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Anxiety Disorders l Any disorder in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or avoidance of anxiety motivates abnormal behavior l Most prevalent of psychological disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Specific Phobias: most common disorder for women l l l Intense fear of specific situations or objects Common phobias include animals, heights, closed places, needles Social phobias l l l Excessive fear of social situations Ricky Williams and Paxil Agoraphobia (3 -6% of the entire population) l Intense fear of crowds and public places or other situations that require separation from source of security, such as the home Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Panic Disorder (1%) Recurrent panic attacks in which the person experiences intense terror without cause l Person is often left with fear of having another panic attack l Can lead to agoraphobia l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Other Anxiety Disorders l Generalized anxiety disorder Prolonged vague but intense fears not attached to any particular object or circumstance l Correlation to Alcohol use l l Obsessive-compulsive disorder (1 -2%) l Driven to disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or performing senseless rituals (compulsions) Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Anxiety Disorders l Conditioning l l For example, phobias can be learned through classical conditioning Feelings of not being in control can lead to anxiety Predisposition to anxiety disorders may be inherited Displacement or repression of unacceptable thoughts or impulses can lead to anxiety Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder l Natural Disasters l Disaster Syndrome l Shock Phase l Recovery Phase l Guilt about own behavior; survival; deaths of others Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Military Combat l Military Combat Breakdown Depression and Physical Exhaustion l Heightened irritability l Guilt l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Rape l Rape Trauma Syndrome l Half of all victims l Respond l Other half l Highly l l expressively (crying, fear, anxiety) controlled, calm exterior Soon followed by periods of terror One quarter of victims show signs of stress years after event sexual dysfunction is a long term problem Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Dissociative Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders are mental illnesses that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, conscious awareness, identity, and/or perception. l Dissociative Amnesia l l Memory loss that's more severe than normal forgetfulness and that can't be explained by a medical condition. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

l Dissociative fugue l l The key feature is "sudden, unexpected travel away from home or one's customary place of daily activities, with inability to recall some or all of one's past, " according to the APA. Depersonalization disorder Marked by periods of feeling disconnected or detached from one's body and thoughts l Sometimes described as feeling like you are observing yourself from outside your body or like being in a dream l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Dissociative Identity Disorder Previously called multiple personality disorder l Characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that alternately control a person's behavior, and is accompanied by memory impairment for important information not explained by ordinary forgetfulness l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Dissociative Disorders Seems to involve unconscious processes l Memory impairments may also include biological factors such as normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease l Dissociation is common with use of some drugs such as LSD l Trauma may also be involved l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Personality Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Personality Disorders Approximately 3% of men and 1% of women have a personality disorder l Rate among prisoners of antisocial personality disorder is close to 50% l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Personality Disorders l Schizoid l l Very suspicious of others Inability to make decisions or act independently and cannot tolerate being alone Avoidant l l Borderline l Social anxiety leading to isolation Narcissistic l Grandiose sense of selfimportance l Instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships Antisocial Dependent l l Withdrawn and lacks feelings for others Paranoid l l l Pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical behavior with no sense of remorse Passive-Aggressive l This diagnosis infers an underlying hostile or aggressive outlook which is expressed covertly by passive behavior which blocks compliance with duties or the requisites of others. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder Combination of biological predisposition, adverse psychological experiences, and an unhealthy social environment l Also possible link to damaged frontal lobe during infancy l Emotional deprivation during childhood may lead to antisocial tendencies l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Schizophrenic Disorders Severe disorders characterized by disturbances of thought, communication, and emotions l Hallucinations l l l Sensory experiences without external stimulation Delusions l False beliefs about reality Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Types of Schizophrenic Disorders l Disorganized schizophrenia l l l Bizarre and childlike behavior May engage in incoherent conversations Catatonic schizophrenia l Paranoid schizophrenia Can alternate between a catatonic state (mute and immobile) and an overly active state (overly excited and shouting) l Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex delusions Undifferentiated schizophrenia l Clear symptoms of schizophrenia that do not meet criteria for other subtypes Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Schizophrenia l l l Biological predisposition to schizophrenia may be inherited Twin studies show genetic link Excessive levels of dopamine lead to psychotic symptoms Abnormalities of brain structures Abnormal patterns of connections between brain cells May involve family relationships and social class Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Childhood Disorders l Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) Characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity l Causes not fully understood l Psychostimulants l l Drugs that increase the ability of children with AD/HD to focus Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Childhood Disorders l Autistic Disorder Characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior l Fail to form normal attachments to parents l May withdraw into their own world l Causes are not known l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Gender and Cultural Differences in Psychological Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Gender Differences More women are in treatment for psychological disorders l Men who are divorced or separated, or who never married, have a higher rate of mental disorders l Married women have higher rates than married men l Women have higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Gender Dysphoria Involves a desire to become, or insistence that one really is, a member of the other sex l Usually begins in childhood l Most develop normal gender identity in adulthood l Sex reassignment surgery is an option for adults who have this issue l Causes are not known l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Psychosomatic Disorders Real physical illness with psychological causes such as stress or anxiety l Tension headaches, for example l Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Somatoform Disorders l l Physical symptoms without any physical cause Person experiences symptoms as real l Somatization disorder l l Conversion disorder l l Dramatic, specific disability without physical cause Hypochondriasis l l Vague, recurrent physical complaints without physical cause Minor symptoms are interpreted as sign of serious illness Body dysmorphic disorder l Person becomes preoccupied with imagined ugliness and cannot function normally Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Signs and Symptoms of BDD l l l l l Frequent glancing in reflective surfaces Skin picking Avoiding mirrors Repeatedly measuring the perceived defect Repeated requests for reassurance about the defect. Elaborate grooming rituals. Camouflaging some aspect of one’s appearance with one’s hand, a hat, or makeup. Repeated touching of the defect Avoiding social situations where the defect might be seen by others. Anxiety when with other people Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Causes of Somatoform Disorders l Freud l l Cognitive behavioral l l Symptoms related to traumatic experience in the past Examines ways in which the behavior is being rewarded Biological perspective l May be real physical illnesses that are misdiagnosed or overlooked Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall