Psychological Disorders Abnormal Psych A harmful dysfunction in

Psychological Disorders (Abnormal Psych) A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive (behaviors that inhibit a person’s ability to adjust to particular situations ) and unjustifiable (no reason for the behavior).

l a c i g o l o h c y s P Understanding Disorders • • Not everyone use to understand these disorders -some still don't Would claim "crazy" people to be demons and do some really appalling stuff to "cure" them.

Historical Perspective § Perceived Causes § Movement of stars § Lunacy - full moon § Evil spirits § Ancient Treatments § Exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

s e v i t c e p s r e P l a c i d Me • • Medical Model: the concept that all psychological disorders are sicknesses A mental illness needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

e v i t c e p s r e P l a i c o S o h c y s P Bio • • assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to create psychological disorders recognizes that mind and body are inseparable

Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/Perspective Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Cause of the Disorder Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Socio-cultural Biomedical/Neuroscience Dysfunctional Society Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

s r e d r o s i D l a c i g o l o h c y s P g n i y f i s s a l C >Not only to to describe a disorder, but also to: -predict its future course -imply appropriate treatment -stimulate research into its causes. 17 major categories of "mental disorders" Around 400 disorders >Neurotic disorders: Pyschological disorders that, although distressing, still allow one to think and function socially >Psychotic disorder: person loses contact with reality. ex. irrational ideas such as aliens controlling there mind.

DSM V • Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. • DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. • DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures. • In 1950's there were about 60 different disorders. Today there are now about 400.

Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders • Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders • Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

Winnie the Pooh

Anxiety Disorders • a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. • the patient fears something awful will happen to them. • They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

Phobias • A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. • Must be an irrational fear. • Phobia List

Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD • An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. • The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder marked by a minuteslong episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder • Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. • Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a. k. a. PTSD • Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. • Memories of the event cause anxiety.

Somatoform Disorders • Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. • Two types……

Hypochondriasis • Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. • They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

Conversion Disorder • Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. • Like blindness or paralysis.

Dissociative Disorders • These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. • Three types….

Psychogenic Amnesia • • Dissociative amnesia occurs when a person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal information. With this disorder, the degree of memory loss goes beyond normal forgetfulness and includes gaps in memory for long periods of time or of memories involving the traumatic event. Dissociative amnesia is not the same as simple amnesia, which involves a loss of information from the memory, usually as the result of disease or injury to the brain. With dissociative amnesia, the memories still exist but are deeply buried within the person’s mind and cannot be recalled. However, the memories might resurface on their own or after being triggered by something in the person’s surroundings

Dissociative Fugue • People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

Dissociative Identity Disorder • Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. • A person has several rather than one integrated personality. • People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

Mood Disorders • Psychological disorder characterized by the experience of extreme or inappropriate emotion.

• Identify the disorders that make up this category mood disorders.

Mood Disorders • What are some symptoms of mood disorders /depression? • Identify the extreme emotions or behaviors exemplified with these disorders.

Major Depression/Major Depressive Disorder • Symptoms inc. lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, lost if interest in friends, family, activities and goals. • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. –”slow motion” • Depression is the common cold (the most common) of psychological disorders. • #1 reason people seek mental health services

Bipolar Disorder • • • Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). “fast forward” Over talkative, overactive, little need for sleep, loud Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode. Inc. spending sprees, unsafe sex. Need protection from their own risky behaviors.

Seasonal Affective Disorder • Experience depression during the winter months. • Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Pg. 633 • Treated with light therapy. also called phototherapy, you sit a few feet from a specialized light therapy box so that you're exposed to bright light. Light therapy mimics outdoor light and appears to cause a change in brain chemicals linked to mood.

Perspectives • Explaining Mood Disorders pg. 635 -636 • Whole body disorder that involves genetic predisposition, biochemical imbalances, gloomy moods and negative thoughts. Name the perspectives that we associate with mood disorders.

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – If parent or sibling suffered from depression chances increases. – One identical twin suffer, 50% chance that other twin will suffer mood disorder THE DEPRESSED BRAIN pg. 638 -639 – Norepinephrine (increases arousal and boost mood) is over abundant during manic episodes and scarce during depression. Smokers tend to smoke more during depression to boost mood-simulant – Serotonin is scarce during depression drugs sometimes given to block breakdown of serotonin. Exercise, jogging helps increase serotonin

• Social-Cognitive Perspective pg. 640 -643 Vicious cycle brain chemistry-cognition-mood Negative thoughts feed negative mood. Negative mood feeds negative thoughts. Cycle can be broken at any point!

Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. • Dominates their personality. • 3 clusters pg. 653

Antisocial Personality Disorder • Lack of empathy. • Little regard for other’s feelings. • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.

Dependent Personality Disorder • Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

Histrionic Personality Disorder • Needs to be the center of attention. • Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. • Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder • Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors. • Not as extreme as OCD anxiety.

Borderline Personality Disorder • Most people who have BPD suffer from: • Problems with regulating emotions and thoughts • Impulsive and reckless behavior • Unstable relationships with other people

Schizophrenic Disorders • About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1. Disorganized thinking. 2. Disturbed Perceptions 3. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

Disorganized Thinking • The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. • Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention. - they cannot filter out information.

Delusions (false beliefs) • Delusions of Persecution • Delusions of Grandeur

Disturbed Perceptions • hallucinationssensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

Inappropriate Emotions and Actions • Laugh at inappropriate times. • Flat Effect • Senseless, compulsive acts. • Catatonia- motionless

Positive v. Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms • Presence of inappropriate symptoms Negative Symptoms • Absence of appropriate ones.

Types of Schizophrenia

Disorganized Schizophrenia • disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.

Paranoid Schizophrenia • preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. • Somebody is out to get me!!!!

Catatonic Schizophrenia • Flat effect • Waxy Flexibility • parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Many and varied Symptoms.

Other Disorders • • • • Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) Fetishism sadist, Begins with review/introduction Communicates learning expectations Stresses important points Varies activities Uses high/lower order questions Uses appropriate wait time Provides feedback, amplifies/clarifies Provides opportunities for student application Reteaches Closes instruction appropriately Eating Disorders Substance use disorders ADHD

The Rosenhan Study • Rosenhan’s associates were Malingering symptoms of hearing voices. • They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia. • None were exposed as imposters. • They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission. • What are some of the questions raised by this study?

Therapy • It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. • Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U. S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

Psychoanalytic Therapy • Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation). • Unconscious • Transference

Humanistic Therapy • Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers • These are non-directive therapies and use active listening. • Self-actualization, freewill and unconditional positive regard. • Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self.

Behavioral Therapies Counterconditioning • Classical Conditioning 1. Aversive Conditioning 2. Systematic desensitization 3. Flooding Operant Conditioning • Token Economy

Cognitive Therapy • Change the way we view the world (change our schemas)

Somatic Therapies Psychopharmacology • Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) • Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) • Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) • Bipolar (lithium)

Somatic Therapy • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression. • Psychosurgury 1. Prefontal lobotomy

Group Therapy