Psychodynamic Theory FREUD AND JUNG Sigmund Freud Born

Psychodynamic Theory FREUD AND JUNG

Sigmund Freud Born 1865 in Freiberg, Moravia to Jacob, his woolmerchant father. Mother was Jacob’s third wife. Moved to Vienna in 1860 until 1938. Vienna exciting place of opportunity and optimism. In 1867, Jews granted political rights and accepted into society. Freud assimilated, identifying as a German. About the time he was 15, liberal political atmosphere evaporated anti-Semitism became virulent, shattering assimilation Graduated from University of Vienna medical school with strong interest in research but quickly married and realized only private practice would provide needed financial support. Published well received scholarly papers on neurological disorders. Outbreak of WW II forced him to flee to London, where he died a year later in 1939. 2

Freud’s theory is complex because: He kept modifying it as he went along He never presented a comprehensive summary of his final views His theory is more comprehensive than must since it has a number of aspects. For example, he gives us: ◦ A theory of motivation ◦ A theory of thinking (which includes dreaming, etc. ) ◦ A theory of personality development (psychosexual theory) ◦ A theory of mental structures (id, ego, superego) ◦ A theory of psychopathology and symptom formation ◦ A theory of psychotherapy 3

Personality Theory According to Freud Personality is defined as follows: ◦ Our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. Freud called his theory and associated techniques psychoanalysis. Unconscious-large below the surface area which contains thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories, of which we are unaware. Free association-the patient is asked to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing or trivial.

Personality Structure according to Freud ID-a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. The id operates on the pleasure principle: If not constrained but reality, it seeks immediate gratification. Ego-the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. Superego-represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations.

Id Ego and Superego 6

Another way of looking 7

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages STAGE FOCUS Oral (0 -18 months) Anal (18 -36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic (3 -6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings Latency (6 to puberty) Pleasure centers on the mouthsucking, chewing, biting Dormant sexual feeling Maturation of sexual interest Genital (puberty on)

Important Psychosexual Stage Theory Vocabulary Oedipus complex-a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father Castration anxiety ◦ Fear from boys struggle to deal with his love for mother while knowing he cannot overcome his father physically Identification-the process by which, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos Fixation-a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved. Penis envy ◦ Desire for male dominated advantages Freudian slips Free recall/free association ◦ Concept of a person having one word and freely associating any word with it

DEFENSE MECHANISM Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety in various ways, but always by distorting reality

Repression A defense mechanism that pushes threatening thoughts into the unconscious 11

Reaction formation A defense mechanism that pushes away threatening impulses by overemphasizing the opposite in one’s thoughts and words 12

Denial A defense mechanism in which one refuses to acknowledge anxiety provoking stimuli 13

Projection Defense mechanism in which anxiety arousing impulse are externalized by placing onto others 14

Displacement Defense mechanism in which the target of one’s unconscious fear or desire is shifted away from true cause 15

Sublimation Defense mechanism where dangerous urges are transformed into positive, socially acceptable forms 16

Regression Defense mechanism where one returns to a earlier, safer stage of one’s life to escape present threats 17

Rationalization Defense mechanism where after the fact (post hoc) logical explanations for behaviors that were actually driven by internal unconscious motives 18

Carl Jung 19

A Journey Into The Mind Of… Carl Jung "Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves. "

Who is Carl Jung? ØCarl Jung was born in Kesswill Switzerland (1875). ØAs a child he was interested in history, archaeology, and philosophy. ØHe studied medicine at the University of Basel and discovered he had a passion for psychiatry. He became a psychiatrist as it gave him the opportunity to study both the spiritual and factual sides of the world. ØFor 9 years he was an assistant physician at a Psychiatric Hospital ØHe studied Schizophrenia extensively.

His Early Career… ØIn 1907 Jung went to Vienna to meet Freud where they studied along side each other for a number of years. They developed their own theories and corresponded through letters. ØThey came to parting ways because Jung disagreed with Freud’s belief that the sexual component was the only part of the human personality. Jung also felt Freud was too narrow-minded about his views on the unconscious mind and dream interpretation. Freud’s main theories were that our sexual libido controlled our unconscious thoughts and when dreaming it was our sexual thoughts that controlled the content of these dreams.

His Early Career Cont. ØHis first ideas were published in Psychology of the Unconscious (it contained much about mythological content and listed parallels between myths and psychotic fantasies). ØHe went on to develop his own theory called analytic psychology, for half a century he wrote religiously about personality in regards to symbolic, mythological, and spiritual views.

His Major Theories… Ø·Focused on the unconscious and conscious mind…he believed that the unconscious played more of a role in controlling our thought process (especially during dreaming) Ø·The collective unconscious was also more dominant factor in the development of human personality

His Major Theories Cont… Ø·He believed in two personality types Ø·Introvert – someone who keeps to themselves and is emotionally self-sufficient ØExtrovert- someone who is outgoing and use their psychological power to draw people towards them