PSYCH 2220 Perception Lecture 11 Do we need
- Slides: 45
PSYCH 2220 Perception Lecture 11
Do we need to LEARN to see?
KEYWORDS for lecture 9 "do we need to learn to see? ", empiricists (yes), nativists (no), innate visual behaviours, dung beetle, chimpanzees and snakes, ducklings and hawks, Molyneux's question ("if a man is given his sight as an adult, could he distinguish a sphere and a cube? "), two patients described, babies, mixed up faces, visual cliff, contrast sensitive function for infants, preferential looking, adaptation (remember that Dalmatian!), inverting prisms, hens show no adaptation, horizontal or vertical rearing
EMPIRICIST (all knowledge comes from experience) NATIVIST (knowledge is ‘a priori’; you are born with it)
1 animal behaviour
Molyneux’s question: “could a man born blind distinguish a sphere and a cube by sight alone? ” 2 blind people recovering sight
S. B could see with minimal experience
H. D. never could see very well.
3 child development, Fant’z Experiment
4 adaptation
5 controlled rearing
EVIDENCE Animal behavour …………. Nativist Blind people recovering their sight… Empiricist & nativist Babies’ visual development …………. Empiricist & nativist Adaptation experiments …………… Empiricist Controlled rearing experiments ………. . Empiricist
INTRODUCTION TO HEARING
EQUAL LOUDNESS CURVES * * * All points on this curve All points on have this curve All same points on have this curve perceived same have the loudness as perceived thesame standard loudness as perceived (*) the standard loudness as (*)the standard (*)
Place theory 1 - Travelling wave; stiffness varies 2 - one place most active for a given frequency 3 - tonotopic code; coded as place Periodicity theory 1 - sound coded as pattern
Hearing thresholds Equal loudness Masking The case of the missing fundamental harmonics pitch timbre
Training a goldfish. . .
Evidence against place -- Missing fundamental -- which can be masked -- some animals have no basilar membrane Evidence for place -- physiology Evidence against periodicity -- cells can’t fire fast enough -- diplacusis Evidence for periodicity -- multiple cells could do it -- phase locking of cells
Place theory sound coded as place Periodicity theory sound coded as pattern Duplicity below 1 k. Hz, coded by periodicity above 1 k. Hz, coded by place
Auditory localization 1 inter-aural time of arrival differences -- circle of confusion 2 inter-aural intensity differences 3 pinnae (up/down front/back etc. . ) 4 head movements
The Auditory System Auditory cortex Auditory thalamus Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus cochlea Cochlear nucleus Superior olive
The Auditory System (cortical route) cortex thalamus Inferior colliculus Cochlear nucleus
The Auditory System (sub-cortical route) Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Cochlear nucleus Superior olive
The Auditory System
The Superior Colliculus
LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION IN THE CORTEX
Phrenology
• Stimulation • recording • lesions • anatomy
Phineas Gage
THE CORPUS CALLOSUM
“SPLIT BRAIN”
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