Psyc 552 Ergonomics Biomechanics Lecture 3 Anatomy Work

Psyc 552 Ergonomics & Biomechanics Lecture 3

Anatomy & Work Evaluation o Primary tool of ergonomists is surface anatomy. n The objective is to visualize the structures below the skin.

Anatomical Position o o o Standing erect Head, eyes, & toes forward Heels and toes together Upper limbs handing by side Palms facing anteriorly.

Anatomical Planes o Median… o Sagittal… o Coronal… o Horizontal, transverse, axial… Image from http: //www. spineuniverse. com/displayarticle. php/article 1023. html

Directional Terms o Superior… o Inferior… o Anterior… o Posterior…

Directional Terms (cont) o Medial… o Lateral… o Proximal… o Distal…

Directional Terms o Superficial… o Ipsilateral… o Deep… o Contralateral… o Parietal… o Visceral…

Describing Movement o Flexion… o Extension… o Hyperextension… o Abduction…

Describing Movement (cont) o Abduction… o Adduction… o Opposition… o Protraction…

Describing Movement (cont) o Retraction… o Elevation… o Depression… o Circumduction…

Describing Movement (cont) o Rotation… n Medial rotation… n Lateral rotation…

Describing Movement (cont) o Eversion of the foot… o Inversion of the foot…

Connective tissue o Bones, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and cartilage are all connective tissue. o Connective tissue provides…

Bones o Osteology – (osteon = bone; logos = study) can be considered bone or tissue. o Divided into two groups…

Long bones o Shaft / Diaphysis o Head / Epiphyses Image from http: //www. gen. umn. edu/courses/1135/lab/appendskellab/head. jpg

Bone Physiology o Cortical bone – compact bone o Cancellous bone – trabecular bone

Bone Architecture o Bone structure varies according to its function o Long bones – are rigid

o Tubercles and tuberosities and ridges and crests increase rigidity

Bone Architecture (cont) o Bone elasticity results from organic matter o Rigidity results from lamella…

Image from http: //www. med. uiuc. edu/histo/large/atlas/image/b 11/20 a 3. htm

Bone Architecture (cont) o Spongy bone… Image from http: //cellbio. utmb. edu/microanatomy/bone/spongy_bone_histology. htm

Factors affecting bones…

The Spine o o o 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar Image fromhttp: //www. spineuniverse. com/displayarticle. php/article 1286. html

o Lordosis n o Concave anteriorly convex posteriorly Kyphosis n Convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly Image from http: //www. spineuniverse. com/displayarticle. php/article 1277. html

Joints o Arthrology (arthros = joints; logos = study) o Types n n n Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Synovial

Fibrous Joints Image from http: //www. botany. uwc. ac. za/sci_ed/grade 10/manphys/joints. htm

Cartilaginous Joints Image from http: //www. botany. uwc. ac. za/sci_ed/grade 10/manphys/joints. htm

Synovial Joints Image from http: //moon. ouhsc. edu/dthompso/namics/joints. HTM#synovial

Synovial Joints (cont)…

Joint Lubrication o Boundary lubrication… o Squeeze film lubrication

Joint Movements o Limited by n Tension of ligaments & muscles n Tension of antagonist muscle n Greatest means of increasing joint flexibility is to increase muscle length.

Types of cartilage o Hyaline… o Fibrocartilage… o Elastic cartilage…

Factors Affecting Cartilage…