PSY 369 Psycholinguistics Conversation Production and Comprehension as
- Slides: 26
PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Conversation: Production and Comprehension as a communicative dance
Conversational interaction “the horse raced past the barn” “the kids swam across the river” Conversation is more than just two side-byside monologues.
Conversational interaction “The horse raced past the barn” “Really? Why would it do that? ” Conversation is a specialized form of social interaction, with rules and organization.
Conversation n Herb Clark (1996) n Joint action n People acting in coordination with one another n n n Autonomous actions n n doing the tango driving a car with a pedestrian crossing the street n The participants don’t always do similar things Things that you do by yourself Participatory actions n Individual acts only done as parts of joint actions
Conversation n Herb Clark (1996) n Speaking and listening n Traditionally treated as autonomous actions n n Contributing to the tradition of studying language comprehension and production separately Clark proposed that they should be treated as participatory actions
Conversation n Herb Clark (1996) n Speaking and listening n Component actions in production and comprehension come in pairs Speaking Listening n A vocalizes sounds for B n B attends to A’s vocalizations n A formalizes utterances for B n B identifies A’s utterances n A means something for B n B understands A’s meaning n The actions of one participant depend on the actions of the other
Conversation n Herb Clark (1996) n Face-to-face conversation - the basic setting n Features Immediacy n Co-presence Visibility Audibility n Instantaneity n n n Medium n n n Evanescence Recordlessness Simultaneity Control n n n Extemporaneity Self-determination Self-expression Other settings may lack some of these features n e. g. , telephone conversations take away co-presence and visibility, which may change language use
Meaning and understanding n n n n n ABBOTT: Super Duper computer store. Can I help you? COSTELLO: Thanks. I'm setting up an office in my den, and I'm thinking about buying a computer. ABBOTT: Mac? COSTELLO: No, the name is Lou. ABBOTT: Your computer? COSTELLO: I don't own a computer. I want to buy one. ABBOTT: Mac? COSTELLO: I told you, my name is Lou. ABBOTT: What about Windows? COSTELLO: Why? Will it get stuffy in here? ABBOTT: Do you want a computer with windows? COSTELLO: I don't know. What will I see when I look in the windows? ABBOTT: Wallpaper. COSTELLO: Never mind the windows. I need a computer and software. ABBOTT: Software for windows? COSTELLO: No. On the computer! I need something I can use to write proposals, track expenses and run my business. What have you got? ABBOTT: Office.
Meaning and understanding n n n n n COSTELLO: Yeah, for my office. Can you recommend anything? ABBOTT: I just did. COSTELLO: You just did what? ABBOTT: Recommend something. COSTELLO: You recommended something? ABBOTT: Yes. COSTELLO: For my office? ABBOTT: Yes. COSTELLO: OK, what did you recommend for my office? ABBOTT: Office. COSTELLO: Yes, for my office! ABBOTT: I recommend office with windows. COSTELLO: I already have an office and it has windows!OK, lets just say, I'm sitting at my computer and I want to type a proposal. What do I need? ABBOTT: Word. COSTELLO: What word? ABBOTT: Word in Office. COSTELLO: The only word in office is office. ABBOTT: The Word in Office for Windows.
Meaning and understanding n n n n n COSTELLO: Which word in office for windows? ABBOTT: The Word you get when you click the blue "W. ” COSTELLO: I'm going to click your blue "w" if you don't start with some straight answers. OK, forget that. Can I watch movies on the Internet? ABBOTT: Yes, you want Real One. COSTELLO: Maybe a real one, maybe a cartoon. What I watch is none of your business. Just tell me what I need! ABBOTT: Real One. COSTELLO: If itユs a long movie I also want to see reel 2, 3 and 4. Can I watch them? ABBOTT: Of course. COSTELLO: Great, with what? ABBOTT: Real One. COSTELLO; OK, I'm at my computer and I want to watch a movie. What do I do? ABBOTT: You click the blue "1. ” COSTELLO: I click the blue one what? ABBOTT: The blue "1. ” COSTELLO: Is that different from the blue "W"? ABBOTT: The blue 1 is Real One and the blue W is Word. COSTELLO: What word?
Meaning and understanding n n n n ABBOTT: The Word in Office for Windows. COSTELLO: But there are three words in "office for windows"! ABBOTT: No, just one. But itユs the most popular Word in the world. COSTELLO: It is? ABBOTT: Yes, but to be fair, there aren't many other Words left. It pretty much wiped out all the other Words. COSTELLO: And that word is real one? ABBOTT: Real One has nothing to do with Word. Real One isn't even Part of Office. COSTELLO: Stop! Don't start that again. What about financial bookkeeping you have anything I can track my money with? ABBOTT: Money. COSTELLO: That's right. What do you have? ABBOTT: Money. COSTELLO: I need money to track my money? ABBOTT: It comes bundled with your computer. COSTELLO: What's bundled to my computer? ABBOTT: Money.
Meaning and understanding n n n COSTELLO: Money comes with my computer? ABBOTT: Yes. No extra charge. COSTELLO: I get a bundle of money with my computer? How much? ABBOTT: One copy. COSTELLO: Isn't it illegal to copy money? ABBOTT: Microsoft gave us a license to copy money. COSTELLO: They can give you a license to copy money? ABBOTT: Why not? THEY OWN IT! (LATER) COSTELLO: How do I turn my computer off? ? ABBOTT: Click on "START".
Meaning and understanding n Common ground n Knowledge, beliefs and suppositions that the participants believe that they share n n Members of cultural communities Shared experiences What has taken place already in the conversation Common ground is necessary to coordinate speaker’s meaning with listener’s understanding
Structure of a conversation n Conversations are purposive and unplanned n n n Typically you can’t plan exactly what you’re going to say because it depends on another participant Conversations look planned only in retrospect Conversations have a fairly stable structure
Structure of a conversation n n n n Joe: (places a phone call) Kevin: Miss Pink’s office - hello Joe: hello, is Miss Pink in Kevin: well, she’s in, but she’s engaged at the moment, who is it? Joe: Oh it’s Professors Worth’s secretary, from Pan-American college Kevin: m, Joe: Could you give her a message “for me” Kevin: “certainly” Joe: u’m Professor Worth said that, if Miss Pink runs into difficulties, . . On Monday afternoon, . . With the standing subcommittee, . . Over the item on Miss Panoff, … n n n n n Kevin: Miss Panoff? Joe: Yes, that Professor Worth would be with Mr Miles all afternoon, . . So she only had to go round and collect him if she needed him, … Kevin: ah, … thank you very much indeed, Joe: right Kevin: Panoff, right “you” are Joe: right Kevin: I’ll tell her, Joe: thank you Kevin: bye Joe: bye
Structure of a conversation n Action sequences: smaller joint projects to fulfill a goal n Adjacency pairs n Opening the conversation n Kevin: Miss Pink’s office - hello Joe: hello, . . Exchanging information about Pink n n Joe: . . , is Miss Pink in Kevin: well, she’s in, but she’s engaged at the moment…
Structure of a conversation n Action sequences: smaller joint projects to fulfill a goal n Adjacency pairs n Exchanging the message from Worth n n Joe: u’m Professor Worth said that, if Miss Pink runs into difficulties, . . On Monday afternoon, . . With the standing subcommittee, . . Over the item on Miss Panoff, … Closing the conversation n n Kevin: I’ll tell her, Joe: thank you Kevin: bye Joe: bye
Opening conversations n Need to pick who starts n n Turn taking is typically not decided upon in advance Potentially a lot of ways to open, but we typically restrict our openings to a few ways n n Address another Request information Offer information Use a stereotyped expression or topic
Opening conversations n Has to resolve: n The entry time n n The participants n n Who is talking to whom? Their roles n n Is now the time to converse? What is level of participation in the conversation? The official business n What is the conversation about?
Identifying participants n Conversation often takes place in situations that involve various types of participants and nonparticipants Speaker All participants All listeners Addressee Side participants Bystander Eavesdropper
Taking turns n Typically conversations don’t involve two (or more) people talking at the same time n n n Individual styles of turn-taking vary widely Length of a turn is a fairly stable characteristic within a given individual’s conversational interactions Standard signals indicate a change in turn: a head nod, a glance, a questioning tone
Taking turns n Typically conversations don’t involve two (or more) people talking at the same time n Three implicit rules (Sacks et al, 1974) n n Rule 1: Current speakers selects next speaker Rule 2: Self-selection: if rule 1 isn’t used, then next speaker can select themselves Rule 3: current speaker may continue (or not) These principles are ordered in terms of priority n The first is the most important, and the last is the least important n Just try violating them in an actual conversation (but debrief later!)
Taking turns n Typically conversations don’t involve two (or more) people talking at the same time n Use of non-verbal cues n n n Drop of pitch Drawl on final syllable Termination of hand signals Drop in loudness Completion of a grammatical clause Use of stereotyped phrase n “you know”
Negotiating topics n Keep the discourse relevant to the topic (remember Grice’s maxims) n Coherence again n n Earlier we looked at coherence within a speaker, now we consider it across multiple speakers Must use statements to signal topic shifts
Closing conversations n Closing statements n Must exit from the last topic, mutually agree to close the conversation, and coordinate the disengagement n signal the end of conversation (or topic) n n Justifying why conversation should end n n “okay” “I gotta go” Reference to potential future conversation n “later dude”
Summary n “People use language for doing things with each other, and their use of language is itself a joint action. ” Clark (1996, pg 387) n Conversation is structured n n But, that structure depends on more than one individual Models of language use (production and comprehension) need to be developed within this perspective
- Comprehension of words in psycholinguistics
- Xxxxyyyzzzz
- Cohort model psycholinguistics
- Post multimedia
- Congratulations expressions
- Short division vs long division
- Cs 369
- 369
- +multilin +369 motor management relay
- Norm bartley
- Beyond comprehension meaning
- 369 power
- Bio 369
- 369 project
- 369 project
- 369 power
- 파이썬 369 짝짝
- 369 power
- Ece 369
- Euro psy
- Psb ucf
- Psy2055
- Psy 2055
- Psy2055
- Psy
- Daniel sanin
- Psy