Proxy War Cold War Characteristics Big Questions Homework

Proxy War : Cold War Characteristics

Big Questions Homework Did it improve American status overseas? Did it stop the Domino Effect from happening again? How did this war effect North and South Korean relations for the future? Will the 38 th parallel ever be diminished? How did the war influence the most hardline communist state in the world?

Up until WW II, Korea had been one nation, known as the Korean Peninsula, and was part of Japan.

Interesting In South Korea, the war is called “ 625” or the “ 6 -2 -5 Upheaval, ” which refers to the day North Korea invaded South Korea, June 25. In North Korea, the war is called the “Fatherland Liberation War” or the “Korean War. ” In China, the Korean War is called “The War to Resist U. S. Aggression and Aid Korea.

Some Interesting Facts The Korean War was the first military action of the Cold War. I was drafted during the Korean War. None of us wanted to go. . . It was only a couple of years after World War II had ended. We said, 'Wait a second? Didn't we just get through with that? '- Clint Eastwood North Koreans who were born after the Korean War in the late 1950 s are on average about 2 inches shorter than South Koreans.

Did you Know ? The first war in which the United Nations played a role. When asked to send military aid to South Korea, 16 countries sent troops and 41 sent equipment or aid. China fought on the side of North Korea, and the Soviet Union sent them military equipment.

Cool Facts Even though 16 countries participated in the Korean War, it is still not considered a “world war. ” Fifteen United Nations countries sent combat troops to Korea: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. Four countries sent medical assistance: India, Italy, Norway, and Sweden

Cool Facts The U. S. dropped more bombs in Korea (635, 000 tons, as well as 32, 557 tons of napalm) than in the entire Pacific theater during WW II . One of the most embarrassing incidents during the Korean War was when U. S. Army Brigadier General Francis Townsend Dodd was held hostage by North Korean POWs during a camp uprising. The incident led to a North Korean propaganda victory, and Dodd suffered career-ending embarrassment

Really ? During the Korean War, like in other wars, prostitutes were available and became more available the farther back from the front line a soldier was. Venereal diseases were a constant fear of the military, and many men contracted them During the Korean War, the South Korean government provided women for its troops. According to one account, the government standard of performance for such women was to service at least 29 men a day. Intercourse should not last longer than 30 minutes so the prostitute could move on to other men and make the maximum daily profit. There is heated and ongoing debate about how much the U. S. military was involved in providing prostitutes for its men.

Why ? After the Korean War, 21 American soldiers chose to stay with their Chinese captors. Hailed in China as “Peace Fighters, ” in America they were denounced as turncoats and traitors. The U. S. media claimed the soldiers were brainwashed by their captors. Most of them later recanted their statements and returned to America. There were 7, 245 American POWs during the Korean War. Of these, 2, 806 died while in captivity and 4, 418 were eventually returned to military control. Twenty-one refused repatriation

Malaises Many soldiers died of frostbite during the Korean War before ever reaching the battlefields. The temperature in some areas fell below zero for long periods of time It was during the Korean War that the intravenous use of amphetamines was first reported. Some soldiers had developed the habit of mixing heroin with amphetamines and injecting the combination. A significant number of servicemen returning from the Korean War brought back the habit with them.

Technological Miracles The world’s first all-jet dogfight occurred ruing the Korean War on September 8, 1950 During the first few weeks of the Korean War, the U. S. rushed a new weapon into service to provide an effective counter to North Korean armor: M-20 bazooka. It was nicknamed “super-bazooka” and could fire a larger, 3. 5 -inch rocket capable of penetrating North Korean armour. The most powerful tank to see action in the Korean War was the 67 -ton British Centurion with a 105 mm main gun. The U. S. Army used approximately 1, 500 dogs during the Korean War and 4, 000 in the Vietnam War

Did you Know ? Unlike World War II and Vietnam, the Korean War did not get much media attention in the United States. The most famous representation of the war in popular culture is the television series “M*A*S*H, ” ( Moblile Army Surgical Hospital )which was set in a field hospital in South Korea. The series ran from 1972 until 1983, and its final episode was the most-watched in television history.

Communist Work by Pablo Picasse, Massacre of Sinchon

NK Publicity The North Korean film Unsung Heroes(1978) glorifies members of the North Korean military while depicting war crimes by South Korea and the U. S. In its cast were several U. S. soldiers who had defected to North Korea A little-known hero of the Korean War has been immortalized by a statue. The mare known as “Sgt. Reckless” brought ammunition to soldiers during the war and carried wounded men off the battlefield. The heroic horse is on display in the National Museum of the Marine Corps.

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They are Cannibals

America Under Communism ?

America Under Communism ? Home by Xmas ?

America Under Communism ?

America Under Communism ?

Welcome to Korea https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Gbh. Z 0 Rap. V 4 U

U. S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson(1893 -1971) If the best minds in the world had set out to find the worst possible location in the world to fight this damnable war, “the unanimous choice would have been Korea. ”

President Harry Truman(18841972) “If we let Korea down, the Soviet[s] will keep right on going and swallow up one [place] after another. ” The fight on the Korean peninsula was a symbol of the global struggle between east and west, good and evil.

Did you Realize that. . ? The North Korean invasion came as an alarming surprise to American officials. As far as they were concerned, this was not simply a border dispute between two unstable dictatorships on the other side of the globe. Instead, many feared it was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world

THE KOREAN WAR A grief stricken American infantryman whose buddy has been killed in action is comforted by another soldier. In the background a corpsman fills out casualty tags, Haktong-ni area, Korea.

Background of The Korean War

Japanese rule (1910 -1945) Korea had been controlled by the Japanese from 1905 to 1945. Annexed to Japan in 1910 Control educational system Japanese language and culture Control land (40% of entire country) Infrastructure railroads and telegraph lines Industrialization Provisional Government-in-exile (1919)

1910 - 1945 Korea used to have some of Asia's most prominent communist groups and activists These organizations worked underground to reestablish Korea's independence during Japan's occupation of the Korean Peninsula (19101945)

• In 1945, Two young aides at the State Department decided what to do with their enemy’s imperial possessions. ( Japan lost in the war) • They divided the peninsula in two: • Soviets occupied the NORTH • America the SOUTH • The two halves were divided by the 38 th Parallel

MAPS

Occupation DMZ ( demilitarization zone)

1948 UN organized elections in South Korea and in 1948 the Republic of Korea was established. In the North, the Communists created the Democratic Republic of Korea BY 1948, the Soviets had evacuated their zone Americans left North

The Two Koreas South Korea North Korea Non-Communist Fertile Temperate Rapidly Industrialized Seoul is the Capital Communist Mountainous Cold Little Industry or Farmland Pyongyang Capital

Armies The North Korean army was well-disciplined, welltrained and well-equipped ( guerrilla ) Rhee’s forces, by contrast, were frightened, confused, and seemed inclined to flee the battlefield at any provocation

Summer 1950 It was one of the hottest and driest summers on record, and desperately thirsty American soldiers were often forced to drink water from rice paddies that had been fertilized with human waste. As a result, dangerous intestinal diseases and other illnesses were a constant threat.

Timeline of Events North: communist government supplied with weapons by the Soviets. South: capitalist system North Kim Il Sung supported by the U. S. 1949 - Both the US and the Soviet troops withdraw from Korea. South Syngman Rhee

Kim II Sung vs Syngman Rhee 33 -year-old, soviet army captain, Kim II Sung became known to be a heroic guerrilla commander. In early 1946, Soviet occupying forces chose him to head the provisional government for North Korea. 3 weeks after the Southern Republic of Korea was made, Syngman Rhee was named premier of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on September 9 th 1948.

Progression & Economy Kim didn't want a Soviet satellite state and instead embraced Korean nationalism. The focus of which was the Korean People’s Army. Under Kim's rule: over 2 million acres of land were redistributed in under a month women were guaranteed equality under the law political action cells were formed to educate the population It was clear that under his rule, North Korea had become economically well-endowed in comparison to South Korea. In June of 1949 both the Soviets and Americans had left the peninsula, this is when Kim's plan to unite Korea became evident.

On the Brink of War China NK USSR South Korea obviously appeared to be faltering, but President Syngman Rhee (South Korea) unleashed a brutal campaign against suspected communists and leftists. At first Kim wanted to use force, however he needed support and so he turned to Stalin for help. Stalin supported Kim’s invasion plan, and advised him to get support from China’s new communist leader, Mao Zedong. He did and was now on the brink of war.

Causes of the Korean War

Leading Causes of the Korean War Reputation American Army had recently upped the anti-militarization financement as far as the arms race went and Truman wanted to display the power and wealth of America internationally. The USSR wanted better results and a chance to prove themselves after the Berlin Blockade. ( will discuss next week ) This was particularly important to Stalin. They felt that the Korean war was their way of proving their reputation.

Back in America Strong Containment Success in Europe ( La politique d’endiguement ) Mc. Carthyism and Strong Anti. Communist Movement “Loss of China”-Truman Administration Blamed

Truman’s Asia Policy after the Fall of China Strong Pressure to Assist Taiwan and Chiang Kai-shek Truman Administration Contemplates Not Helping Chiang Kai-shek and allowing China to Conquer Taiwan

Dean Acheson’s Speech to the National Press Club Truman’s Secretary of State January 12, 1950 Speech on US Policy in Asia Does not mention South Korea in Outlining US Defensive Perimeter in Asia

Question Why did North Korea want South Korea?

Leading Causes of the Korean War Support The USA wanted to support Syngman Rhee because he was a democrat surrounded by communism USA: supported South Korea. The USSR wanted to support the communist nation, because of the same political ideals. USSR: supported North Korea. They could not get involved in a war against communism without directly fighting the USSR.

Leading Causes of the Korean War The Domino Effect - Truman believed that if Korea fell to communism, Japan (a major trading partner) would follow. Stalin encouraged the spread of communism as long as it did not result in a war with America. He soon realized that nuclear war might be a possibility and wanted to avoid that and beat the USA using more indirect means. Cold War The Truman Doctrine stated that the USA would lend aid to any country not wishing to be suppressed by the political ideals (communism) of any other country. April 1950 the American National Security Council issued a report recommending direct involvement (a proxy war) against communism.

Situation in China Want to Invade Taiwan and Tibet Tired from Japanese Invasion in WWII and Chinese Civil War Army is weak with new soldiers from poorly trained captured Nationalists Lack of Equipment

China 1949 – China became Communist – supported N Korea

This map is from an American magazine from 1950. This shows how much the US feared communism in the far east.

United States, United Nations, and the Soviet Union’s Response to the Korean War

Who Started the Korean War? Eternal Leader

North Korea Wants South Korean Resources Wants a Unified and Communist Korea Goes to Stalin and Mao for Support for Invasion

War Begins • June 25 th, 1950 —North Korea invades South Korea with the Soviet Union’s approval.

Korean War (1950 - 1953) Most fighting happened 1950 - 1951 truce negotiations 1951 - 1953 Military Demarcation Line (MDL) (1953 - )

North Korean Army moving into Seoul (Capital), S. K. T-34 Tanks Yak Fighters

To Contain or not contain, that is the question? US President Truman—not wanting to repeat the mistake of appeasement used during WWII, promises to help South Korea. But How? ? ?

Feature of the Cold War is always present Tensions created by the Korean War led both Presidents Truman and Eisenhower to consider dropping a nuclear war on Korea. With strategic missiles and thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs still in testing, the bombs that would have been dropped were atomic bombs delivered by B-47 s, similar in yield to the 1945 bombs. Both presidents ultimately decided not to drop the bombs because they were afraid of starting WW III

To SUM IT UP The United States entered the Korean War for two main reasons: 1) to protect South Korea and prevent communists from taking over other countries and 2) to protect Japan, which the U. S. thought would be next on the list of countries that the communists wanted to invade. [4]

Expansionism ? Initially, the U. S. wanted to defend South Korea, but later in the war, Truman convinced the UN that it was time to liberate North Korea as well. Under Gen. Mac. Arthur’s leadership, U. S. and UN troops gained control of most of North Korea. When China entered the war, Mac. Arthur wanted to keep fighting despite China’s overwhelming numbers. Truman fired Mac. Arthur and replaced him with Gen. Matthew Ridgway, who had a much more conservative plan that included just defending South Korea

U. N. or U. S. ? South Korea asks the newly created United Nations for help. Most of the troops are American. Douglas Mac. Arthur commander of the 15 nation UN forces.

United Nations The United Nations now had to formulate a plan. Sixteen member states would provide troops under a United Nations Joint Command. It would fight with the South Korean army. This United Nations force was dominated by America even to the extent of being commanded by an American general – Douglas Mac. Arthur On September 15 th 1950, United Nations troops landed at Inchon. The landing was a huge success and the United Nations effectively cut the North Korean army in half and pushed them out of South Korea. Note: Mac. Arthur was later fired by Truman for getting the Chinese involved in the war.

Stage One By the end of July 1950, only a small section of the Korea was in the hands of the UN forces (Pusan) Stand or Die!

Stage One of the most brutal battles of the Korean War was the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, fought from November 27 to December 13, 1950 . What made it different from other fierce fighting was the intensely cold and bitter weather. Temperatures dropped to -54° F. One survivor of the battle designed a bumper sticker that read: “Once Upon a Time Hell Froze Over. We Were There. ” The capital of South Korea, Seoul, changed hands four times during the Korean War. It was first captured by the North Koreans on June 28, 1950, and then retaken by UN forces that September. The Chinese seized the city in January 1951, but gave it up two months later.

North vs South : Stage One In occupied areas of North Korea, the North Korean Army executed every educated person (such as those who held education, government, and religious positions) who could lead a resistance against North Korea On June 28, 1950, just days after the start of the Korean War, South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League Massacre, which resulted in the deaths of more than 100, 000 suspected communist sympathizers and their families in South Korea

Stage Two Mac. Arthur orders an amphibious invasion at the port Of Inchon Take Seoul and cut of supply lines Amphibious warfare is a type of offensive military operation that today uses naval ships to project ground air power onto a hostile or potentially hostile shore at a designated landing beach. Amphibi ous Invasion UN Location

Stage Two N Koreans pushed back into N Korea Mac. Arthur believes he will be able to “Get the boys home by Christmas” The Highest Toll of Death

Too close to home…

Stage Three Oct 1950 Chinese invaded N Korea 300, 000 Chinese troops UN troops pushed back to S Korea

At odds… “We face an entirely new war” Mac. Arthur said. He called for nuclear attacks on Chinese cities. President Truman had different opinion “We are trying to prevent a world war, not start one”

“NO SUBSTITUTE FOR VICTORY”? This was something that President Truman and his advisers decidedly did not want: They were sure that such a war would lead to Soviet aggression in Europe, the deployment of atomic weapons and millions of senseless deaths. To General Mac. Arthur, however, anything short of this wider war represented “appeasement, ” an unacceptable knuckling under to the communists.

NO SUBSTITUTE FOR VICTORY”? As President Truman looked for a way to prevent war with the Chinese, Mac. Arthur did all he could to provoke it. Finally, in March 1951, he sent a letter to Joseph Martin, a House Republican leader who shared Mac. Arthur’s support for declaring all-out war on China–and who could be counted upon to leak the letter to the press. “There is, ” Mac. Arthur wrote, “no substitute for victory” against international communism.

NO SUBSTITUTE FOR VICTORY”? For Truman, this letter was the last straw. On April 11, the president fired the general for insubordination.

Mac. Arthur is Fired! You’re Fired! Mac. Arthur tried to go over President Truman by talking to Congress and the Press. In response Truman fired Mac. Arthur.

THE COST IN HUMAN LIFE

Mutual Defense Treaty 1953 ROK-US Mutual Defense Treaty "the right to dispose United States. . . forces in and about the territory of the Republic of Korea as determined by mutual agreement. ” US authorities may request that Korean authorities transfer jurisdiction over crimes that fall under Korean jurisdiction. The Korean judiciary must consent.

Delegates signed the Korean Armistice Agreement in P’anmunjŏmon July 27, 1953

Soviet Union Soviets sold Chinese military equipment, including artillery and MIG fighter planes. The USSR also provided advisers and military hardware to the North Koreans. Soviet pilots flew MIGs against US planes. However, Stalin was unwilling to become involved with the United States in a war over Korea.

USSR Stalin is Close to Kim Il Sung USSR Controls Outer Mongolia and Manchuria (North of China), Control of the Korean Peninsula Would Box in China Wear Down US and Chinese Soldiers/Losses Field Test New Equipment Gather Intelligence on American Military Test Containment Make North Korea and China Dependent on Russian Arms Opportunities in Europe? ? ?

United States The US provided the majority of the UN military forces which drove the North Koreans out of South Korea and still stand guard along the border. The US moved their troops into South Korea quickly. The US and the Soviets agreed to divide Korea temporarily to avoid long term decisions regarding Korea's future. Although the United States took the lead in the Korean action, it did so under the order of the United Nations.

United States Containment Protect Japan “Loss” of China Worried About Spread of Communism in Asia Lessons from Munich during WWII Monolithic Communism-China and USSR working together

China Enters the Korean War

Mao and China Felt if US Enters War, China Must Enter Mao Believed Either Fight US in Korea or China Gain Arms from Soviet Union/Needs Soviet Arms for Wider Ambitions Purge Nationalists in its Army Protect Newly Declared People’s Republic of China Keep US Away from Border/Yalu River

Why did China enter the war? UN forces pushed north to China Crossed 38 th parallel Yalu River and border with China Mao Zedong already made it clear that China would not tolerate foreign forces on border

The United Nations Truman Goes to United Nations To Create Force to Help South Korea Stop the North Korean Invasion Technically a United Nations Force vs. North Korea.

The Security Council Truman Needs Approval of United Nations Security Council USSR Has Veto Power. Why didn’t Russians Veto?

Douglas Mac. Arthur WWII Hero Military General in Charge of American Occupation and Rebuilding of Japan Placed in Charge of UN Forces in Korea

What happens next? October 14 to November 1, 1950 Chinese send 180, 000 of the People’s Volunteer Army to cross Yalu River They pushed the American forces back November 2 UN realizes that the attack was done by Communist China

“Home-by-Christmas” offensive November 24 – Mac. Arthur launches offensive attack Chinese army retaliates with full force American and South Korean units retreat Ends January 1951

The War After Initial North Korean Advances to Pusan American Forces Push North Korean Forces to the 38 th Parallel.

Mission Changes Truman Changes from Containing Communism to Having US Forces Cross the 38 th Parallel and Unify Korea and Defeat North Korean Regime. Mac. Arthur Tells Truman China Will not Get Involved China Sends Word Through India to US not to Push North

China Enters the War October and November Communist China Enters the Korean War As American Forces Approach Yalu River. Mao Had Planned All Along to Enter Mao Thought USSR Would Provide Air Cover/Stalin Does Not Surprises US Forces/US Forces Retreat Below 38 th Parallel

Truman and Mac. Arthur Truman Wants to Keep War Limited to Korea Mac. Arthur Wants to use Nationalist Forces from Taiwan to Attack China Wants to Expand War to China Ignores Truman’s Orders to Stop Talking About Expanding War to China Truman Fires Mac. Arthur

Stage Three (Nov. 1950 -1953) STALEMATE around 38 th Parallel July 1953 Armistice signed

The Rest of the War Eventually Reaches a Standstill at the 38 th Parallel. Armistice Signed July 27, 1953 War Ends How it Began: Divided Korea

Results of the Korean War Korea still Divided at 38 th Parallel US Contains Communism and Shows Willing to Fight in Other Countries to Do So. 35, 000 Americans, 2500 North Koreans, 500, 000 South Koreans Killed US Strengthens Ties to Taiwan China Drops Plans to Invade Taiwan US Increases Aid to the French in Vietnam Truman’s Popularity Decreases and Does Not Run for Re-Election Dwight Eisenhower Elected to Presidency

Results of the Korean War US Places Strong Trade Embargo on Communist China Economic Strain on China Communist China was Isolated from the West. China Fights US to a Stalemate Increased Patriotism in China/Mao Has Stronger Hold of the People Rift in USSR/China Relationship

Results of the Korean War Findings of NSC-68 Accepted Massive US Military Mobilization Worldwide NATO in Europe is Strengthened Forces Stalin and Successors to Re-think Soviet Policy Towards the US

National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58 page top secret policy paper by the United States National Security Council presented to President Harry S. Truman on April 14, 1950. It was one of the most important statements of American policy that launched the Cold War.

In the words of scholar Ernest R. May, NSC-68 "provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990 s.

" NSC-68 and its subsequent amplifications advocated a large expansion in the military budget of the United States, the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made the containment of global Communist expansion a high priority. NSC-68 rejected the alternative policies of friendly détente and rollback against the Soviet Union.

The Korean War Armistice

The Korean War Armistice Designed to insure an end to warfare and all acts of armed force in Korea until a definitive peaceful could be achieved It was signed on July 27, 1953 Covered issues such as - exchange of prisoners of war - location of a demarcation line Intended as a temporary measure, but the 38 th parallel remains standing even today.

Enforced by a Military Armistice Commission Armies began the awkward process of disengagement over the 4 km wide DMZ. It provided… àsuspension of open hostilities àfixed demarcation line with a four kilometre (2. 4 mile) buffer zone - the so-called demilitarization zone àA mechanism for the transfer of prisoners of war

Map of Korea

1954 - an international conference in Geneva was organized by the United States - discussed the political future of Korea - no agreement was produced Armistice- only safeguard for peace on the Korean peninsula

Winners? Losers?

After three years, July 27, 1953 - ceasefire stopped the fighting Although there was no declared winner, South Korea never succumbed to a communist rule. North Korea to the democratic aspirations

There was an armistice signed by North Korea, China, and the UN but not by South Korea. The armistice was NOT a peace treaty, just a temporary cessation of hostilities.

Korea is still split up into North Korea (communist) and South Korea (noncommunist) The border between the two countries has remained one of the most heavily-armed stretches of land on Earth

Dulles, Rhee, & Mac. Arthur nationalist goals vs. Cold War strategies

Works Cited 1 Cumings, Bruce. The Korean War: A History (Modern Library Chronicles). New York, NY: Random House LLC, 2011. 2“Data on Veterans of the Korean War. ” Department of Veterans Affairs. June 2000. Accessed: August 8, 2013. 3 Garner, Dwight. “Carpet-Bombing Falsehoods about a War That’s Little Understood. ” New York Times. July 21, 2010. Accessed: August 8, 2013. 4 Grant, R. G. The Korean War (Atlas of Conflicts). Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library, 2005. 5 Immell, Myra. The Korean War (Perspectives on Modern World History). New York, NY: Greenhaven Press, 2011.

Works Cited 2 6 Lackey, Katharine. “ 20 Facts about North Korea. ” USA Today. April 13, 2013. Accessed: September 17, 2013. 7 Latstetter, Jennifer. “American Military-Base Prostitution. ” Accessed: September 17, 2013. 8 Neff, Robert. “Overcrowding, Disease, Violence, Took Toll on Korean War POWs. ” Ohmy. News. May 9, 2009. Accessed: August 8, 2013.

Works Cited 3 9 Park, Madison. “North Korea Declares 1953 Armistice Invalid. ” CNN. March 13, 2013. Accessed: September 17, 2013. 10 Santella, Andrew. The Korean War (We the People: Modern America). Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point Books, 2007. 11“The Military Working Dog: History. ” Military Working Dog Foundation, Inc. 2006. Accessed: August 8, 2013.