Proton Plans at Fermilab Robert Zwaska Fermilab Outline

Proton Plans at Fermilab Robert Zwaska - Fermilab Outline I. Introduction to the accelerator complex II. Planned and possible upgrades III. Proton power projections Science and Engineering at Henderson. DUSEL Capstone Workshop Stony Brook University May 5, 2006

Making Neutrino Beams • Two operating beams at Fermilab – Use 8 or 120 Ge. V protons – Secondaries produced with solid target and focused Nu. MI • A rough figure of merit: proton power on target – Average current × Beam energy – 120 Ge. V beam does better • Other factors (not covered): – Neutrino beam elements & design – Detector size & design

The Main Injector Today • Provides high power, 120 Ge. V proton beam – 80 k. W for antiproton production – 170 k. W for neutrino production • Takes 6 or 7 batches from the 8 Ge. V Booster @ 15 Hz – 4 -5 × 1012 protons per Booster batch • Total cycle time ≥ 1. 467 s + batches/15 Booster Nu. MI Batch 1 (PBar) Batch 2 Batch 6 Main Injector Batch 3 Batch 5 Batch 4

Past-Year Nu. MI Running • Average power of 165 k. W in the last few months • Maximum beam power of 270 k. W down the Nu. MI line (stably for ~ ½ hour) • Peak intensity of 3× 1013 ppp on the Nu. MI target 300 20 Power (k. W) Protons per pulse ( 1012) 30 10 May 1 ‘ 05 March 1 ‘ 06 200 100 May 1 ‘ 05 March 1 ‘ 06

Slip-stacking (Proton Plan) • Merge two booster batches through RF manipulations Merged bunch train in MI E 2 nd Batch 1 st Batch Ac ce le ra te e at ler ce De Time 1 st Booster Batch Injected into MI 2 nd Booster Batch K. Seiya et. al. , PAC 2003 Ø Doubles the azimuthal charge in the Main Injector ØBooster loading time is doubled → 440 k. W of protons

Snu. MI: Recycler as an 8 Ge. V proton accumulator D. Mc. Ginnis, Beams-doc-1782, 2138 • After the Collider program is terminated, we can use the Recycler as a proton accumulator – Booster batches are injected at 15 Hz rep rate • Accumulate protons from the Booster while MI is running – save 0. 4 s for each 6 Booster batches injected • Can also slip-stack beam in the Recycler – Up to 12 Booster batches injected (save 0. 8 s) • 5. 4× 1013 ppp every 1. 467 s → 700 k. W

SNu. MI: Momentum stacking in the Accumulator D. Mc. Ginnis, Beams-doc-1782, 2138 • After the Collider program is terminated, we can also use the Accumulator in the Anti-proton Source as a proton accumulator – Momentum stack 4 (3) Booster in Accumulator batches every 267 (200) ms – Limit Booster batch size to ~ 4× 1012 protons – Box Car stack in the Recycler – Load in a new Accumulator batch every 267 (200) ms • 6 Accumulator (24 or 18 Booster) batches in Recycler • Load the Main Injector in a single turn • 9. 1× 1013 every 1. 6 s → 1. 1 MW – 7. 2× 1013 every 1. 33 s → 1. 0 MW

High Intensity Neutrino Source • 8 Ge. V Superconducting Linac as replacement for Booster – Nominal injection charge ~1. 5× 1014 ppp • Cycling every 1. 4 s corresponds to a beam power of 2 MW at 120 Ge. V – Requires major upgrades to Main Injector RF • Significant MI RF and magnet upgrades could reduce acceleration time – Maybe up to 4 MW

Proton Power Projections Note: ~ 1. 7× 107 s/yr (effective, at peak power) • Proton plan (in progress) – Ramp to 440 k. W in 2009 • Recycler/Accumulator upgrades (in design – not approved yet) – One year shutdown in 2010 – Ramp to 1. 1 MW (700 k. W) in 2012 • High Intensity Neutrino Source (under consideration) – 2 MW sometime in the future

Lowering the primary proton energy ? § Injection dwell time 80 ms § Flattop time 50 ms § Maximum dp/dt 240 Ge. V/s 120 Ge. V, 1. 34 s D. Wolff 50 Ge. V, 0. 81 s 40 Ge. V, 0. 73 s 30 Ge. V, 0. 62 s § this is achievable now (conservative) § limit injection dwell time to ~ 30 ms ? § faster down ramp ?

Proton Energy Scaling • Reducing proton beam energy does not results in an equal reduction in cycle time – Worst for cases where Booster is heavily utilized • Neutrino beams based on lower-energy protons will have lower beam power

Conclusions • Fermilab proton complex can be upgraded to produce a Neutrino Superbeam – 320 k. W peak (250 k. W ave. ) available today – 440 k. W upgrades are in progress • Proton Plan → E. Prebys et al. – 700 k. W & 1. 1 MW upgrades are under study (likely? ) • SNu. MI → A. Marchionni et al. – ≥ 2 MW beams are under consideration • HINS → G. Appolinari et al. • Primary proton energy needs to be understood – Lowering proton energy below 120 Ge. V always reduces the beam power on target • Neutrino beam production needs to be considered – There is no beamline to Henderson – Does not need to be a conventional beam: • Neutrino Factory (A. Tollestrup et al. ) • Beta Beam (A. Jansson)