Protists Chapter 28 Protists Eukaryotes Not plants fungi
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Protists Chapter 28
Protists Eukaryotes Not plants, fungi or animals
Protists Unicellular Colonial Multi-cellular Highly variable No one unifying feature “protist” informal term Greatest diversity of eukaryotic kingdoms.
Endosymbiosis Plastid Dinoflagellates Secondary endosymbiosis Cyanobacterium Apicomplexans Red alga Primary endosymbiosis Stramenopiles Heterotrophic eukaryote Over the course of evolution, this membrane was lost. Secondary endosymbiosis Plastid Euglenids Secondary endosymbiosis Green alga Chlorarachniophytes
General biology Cell surface Locomotion organelles Cyst formation Nutrition Reproduction
Cell surface Varies Only cell membrane Extra cellular material (ECM) on outside of membrane ECM makes a strong cell wall Diatoms shells of silica
Locomotion organelles Varies Flagella (1 or more) Several shorter called cilia Pseudopodial (false feet) Lobopodia-blunt extensions Filopodia-thin branch extensions Axopodia-supported by microtubules
Cyst formation Protective covering In adverse environments Dormant forms
Nutrition Phototrophs (photosynthetic) Heterotrophs Mixotrophs Combine photosynthesis with heterotrophic nutrition Phagotrophs Ingest visible particles of food Osomotrophs Ingest soluble food
Reproduction Asexually – Binary fission – Budding Sexual reproduction Gamete meiosis Spore-producing protists are haploid as adults Algae alternate haploid/diploid
Fig. 28 -23 RESULTS Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta Fungi Common ancestor of all eukaryotes Amoebozoans Diplomonads Excavata Euglenozoans Alveolates Chromalveolata Stramenopiles DHFR-TS gene fusion Rhizarians Rhizaria Red algae Green algae Plants Archaeplastida
Categories 1. Excavata 2. Chromalveolata 3. Rhizaria 4. Archaeplastida 5. Unikonta
1. Excavata Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans CDC
Diplomonads Giardia lamblia (parasite) Flagellate protist Mitochondria lacking DNA, ETC or enzymes for citric acid cycle Anaerobic environment Found in water Cause diarrhea “hikers diarrhea”
Parabasalids Trichomonads Reduced mitochondria Anaerobic energy production T. vaginalis Infects vaginal lining Disrupts normal acidity of vagina
Euglenozoans Autotrophs Heterotrophs Parasites
Euglenozoans Euglenoids Mixotrophs Earliest free-living eukaryotes Fresh water Move by flagellum Asexually
Euglena
Euglenozoan Kinetoplastids Single mitochondria 2 types of DNA Parasites Typanosomiasis African sleeping disease
2. Chromalveoletes Alevolates – Dinoflagellates – Apicomplexans – Ciliates Stramenopiles – – Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes
Alveolata Common trait Alveoli (membrane sac) Space below plasma membrane Dinoflagellates Apicomplexes Cilliates
Dinoflagellates Photosynthetic Marine & freshwater Characteristic shape Reinforced by internal plates of cellulose. Two flagella sit in perpendicular grooves in the “armor” Produce a spinning movement “red tide” produced with large growth
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexes Spore forming parasites Spores pass from host to host Apical complexes: Organelles-one of cell Plasmodium causes malaria Mosquito to human
Plasmodium
Malaria
Toxoplasma gondi
Ciliates Large numbers of cilia Anchored to microtubules below membrane 2 nuclei Macronucleus for mitosis Micronucleus for sexual reproduction
Paramecium
Paramecium
Ciliates
Paramecium
Stramenopila Diatoms Brown algae Golden algae Oomycetes
Diatoms Unique glasslike walls Hydrated silica in an organic matrix. Overlap like a shoe box & lid. Photosynthetic Mostly unicellular
Diatoms
Brown algae Largest algae (kelp) Multicellular Most are marine Found in cooler waters Color due to carotenoids Alternate between diploid & haploid cycles Thickens foods (ice cream, pudding)
Brown algae
Golden algae (Chrysophyta), Named for the yellow & brown carotene Xanthophyll pigments Typically bi-flagellated. Many freshwater Most are unicellular, some are colonial. Poor environment; Form resistant cysts-viable for decades.
Golden algae (Chrysophyta),
Oomycetes Cellulose in cell walls Mostly diploid Flagellated cells Caused the potato blight in 1845 -47 Turned potato plants to black slime
3. Rhizaria Amoebas Forams Radiolarians
Amoebas Pseudopods Flowing extension of cytoplasm Pulls amoeba forward Causes dysentery
Amoebas
Forams Almost all marine. Most live in sand or attach to rocks or algae. Some are in plankton. Multi-chambered, porous shells Consists of organic materials Hardened with calcium carbonate Tests
Forams
Radiolarians Marine Internal skeleton made of silica Skeleton lines seafloor when dies
Radiolarians 200 µm
4. Archaeplastida Red algae Green algae
Rhodophyta Red algae Microscopic to large seaweed on beach Mostly multi-cellular Warm coastal waters Used in sushi
Red algae
Chlorophyta Green algae Green chloroplasts Similar to plants Diverged recently Mostly live in fresh water Unicellular to multi-cellular
Green algae
5. Unikonta Slime molds Choanoflagellida
Slime molds Looks like a moving mass of slime Plasmodium A multinucleated mass of cytoplasm Move as a mass called a slug Digest bacteria, yeasts & other small organic particles Multi-cellular & unicellular
Slim molds
Slim molds
Slim molds
Slim mold
Choanoflagellida Similar to sponges Freshwater Single flagellum Feed on bacteria
Fig. 28 -UN 6
- Plants are multicellular eukaryotes
- Plant tissue
- Are plants multicellular eukaryotes
- Are plants multicellular eukaryotes
- Fungi are not considered plants because
- Kingdom fungi and kingdom plantae similarities
- Protists and fungi differences
- Protists and fungi
- How are fungus like protists similar to fungi
- Protista multicellular or unicellular
- Algae vs plants
- Haustorium in fungi
- Deuteromycota
- Sac fungi and club fungi
- Seven kingdom classification
- Sadlier unit 1 level d synonyms
- Reproduce by spores
- Non vascular plant reproduction
- Characteristics of non flowering plants
- C3 plant
- Names of unicellular organisms
- Rna polymerase
- Gene structure prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
- Transcription in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
- Characteristics of eukarya domain
- Fine structure analysis of eukaryotes
- Translation in bacteria vs eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes gene regulation
- Venn diagram of plants and animals
- Eukaryotic cell
- Multicellular heterotrophs
- Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell similarities
- Diff between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Linear chromosomes in eukaryotes
- Transcription
- Types of dna polymerase in eukaryotes
- Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells
- Algae autotrophic
- Eukaryotes main idea
- Eukaryotes main idea
- Heterotrophic eukaryotes definition
- Are protists autotrophic or heterotrophic
- Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
- Multiple choice questions on prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Aerobic eukaryotes
- Helicaee
- Gene prediction in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells chart
- Eukaryotes catch all category
- Chi square test for linkage
- In eukaryotes dna replication occurs in
- Polimerase
- Heterogamy in eukaryotes
- Ancestors
- Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells venn diagram
- Are red blood cells prokaryotic
- Anatomy of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Sexual reproduction in paramecia is called _____.
- Section 1 introduction to protists answer key
- Archaeplastid