Protista Lab intro Protist habitats are also diverse
Protista Lab intro
• Protist habitats are also diverse in habitat • And including freshwater and marine species (a) The freshwater ciliate Stentor, a unicellular protozoan (LM) 100 m 4 cm (c) (b) Ceratium tripos, a unicellular marine dinoflagellate (LM) Delesseria sanguinea, a multicellular marine red alga 500 m Figure 28. 2 a–d (d) Spirogyra, a filamentous freshwater green alga (inset LM)
Kindom Protista • Evolved from the Archae approx. 1. 5 billion years ago • Polyphyletic group- protists arose by way of more than one ancestral group • Represents separate evolutionary lineages • Plant like b/c autotrophic (produce their own food) • Animal-Like b/c they are heterotrophic (feed upon other organisms) v Monday you will study three phyla and animal like protists.
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Animal-Like Protists Fig. 8. 2 8 -1
Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa Unicellular and Colonial Eukaryotes
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Protozoan Protist Fig. 8. 3 8 -2 W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, © 1979.
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa Fig. 8. 4 8 -3
Study representatives of the following three Protista phyla: 1) Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Mastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina 2) Phylum Apicomplexa 3) Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Sarcomastigophora • Chars: Flagella, pseudopodia, or both; single type of nucleus; no spores formed. • Subphylum Masigophora – Chars: One or more Falgella – Autotrophic (cl. Phytomastigophora) – Heterotrophic (cl. Zoomastigophora) or both; – Reproduction usually by fission
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Structure of Euglena Fig. 8. 7 Subphylum Mastigophora (cl. Phytomastigophora) 8 -4
• Freshwater phytomastigophoran • Ponds and slow moving streams • Study live protozoans using methylcellulose • Observe Flagella using iodine potassium idide (IKI)
Other Mastigophora • Zoomastigophora- Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Trichomonas • Trichonympha- Mastigophora Symbionts. Termite gut
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei Fig. 8. 9 8 -6
Phytomstigophoran- Volvox • shows colonial organization. Concave slide Culture Medium, cover slide no air pockets
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate Fig. 8. 8 8 -5
Subphylum Sarcodina • Chars: Pseudopodia, Flagella occasionally present (in developmental stages. The Amoebas • Ameobas- common freshwater protist • Lives on the bottom of ponds
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Variations in Pseudopodia Fig. 8. 10 8 -7
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea Fig. 8. 11 b 8 -8
Other Sarcodina-“Not naked” sarcodines • Arcella, Difflugia, and Actinospaerium and marine radiolarians and foraminifera form test. • Test can be formed from sand grains, calcium carbonate and silica
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata) Fig. 8. 12 8 -9
Phylum Apicomplexa • Chars: All parasites • Apical complex used for penetrating host cells • Lack cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive stages • Coccidians or apicomplexans are named based upon the presence of apical complex
Most important Coccidians are members of the class Sporozoea • Chars: intracellular parasites of animals • Form spores or oocysts following sexual reproduction • Complex life cycle that involve both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts • Example- Plasmodium the sporozoan that causes malaria.
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Life Cycle of Plasmodium Fig. 8. 15 8 -10
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microsporean Nosema Bombicus Fig. 8. 16 8 -11 Theodore Jahn, et al. , How to Know the Protozoa, 3 rd ed. , New York, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies.
Phylum Ciliophora • Chars: Cilia, macronuclei, and micronuclei usually present • Ciliates are the largest most complex and diverse group of the protozoans • Nearly occupy all aquatic habitats • Some are symbiotic • Reproduction can be asexual through fission or sexual through conjugation
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ciliate (Paramecium) Fig. 8. 17 b 8 -12
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Conjugation in Paramecium Fig. 8. 21 8 -13
Example of a Ciliophora: Paramecium • Common freshwater ciliate • Observe live sample using methylcellulose solution • Other Ciliophora: Colpidium, Vorticella and Stentor
Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships Fig. 8. 22 8 -14
The End
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