Protestant Reformation 1517 Renaissances effect n People began
Protestant Reformation 1517
Renaissance's effect n People began to question their lives and authority
Catholic Church had been biggest authority of the Middle Ages.
Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome n n Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s opposition to usury (charging interest) German & Eng. Nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church’s great political power & wealth caused conflict Corruption & sale of indulgences
Church Dissenters prior to Martin Luther n John Wycliffe – English philosopher n n Jan Huss – Czech priest n n n 1320 -1384 Led movement of opposition to medieval Church Forerunner of the Reformation 1369 -1415 Church reformer Tried & burned for heresy
Martin Luther nails “ 95 Theses” to church door in Wittenberg, Germany - 1517
Martin Luther- 1517 n n German monk Questioned Churches practices such as: n Sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel building a church n “ selling forgiveness for sins” n Automatic trip to heaven "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs. "
The Lutheran Tradition n Views: n n Salvation by faith alone Bible = ultimate authority Bible should be in vernacular n Priests; no special powers n n All humans = before God
The Lutheran Tradition n Actions: n 95 Theses 95 things church is doing wrong n Nailed to church door in Wittenburg, Germany n n Birth of Protestant Church
Role of Printing Press n n n Growth of literacy stimulated by Gutenberg printing press Bible printed in Eng. , Fr. , & Ger. Spread ideas of Ref. and Ren.
Church’s Reaction n Want Martin Luther to recant (take back) what he said @ Diet of Worms n n Diet – group/assembly Worms is a place in Germany
Luther says NO!!!!! Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen. " ("Here I stand. I can do nothing else. God help me. Amen. ") He is excommunicated from church and forced into hiding for the rest of his life
Results of Luther’s actions? - Opened people’s eyes to corruption of the church -new churches created based on own beliefs– ex John Calvin-- Calvinism -Ex. Protestant, Lutheran, Baptists, Puritans, Methodists, Calvinists, and so on.
The Calvinist tradition n Views: n n n Predestination - God has already decided who is saved/condemned. Faith revealed by living a righteous life Work ethic
The Calvinist tradition n Actions: n n n Expansion of the Protestant movement Spreads to France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland Scottish Presbyterians, American Baptists, Puritans, from this branch.
Henry VIII of England n n Wished to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn Pope refused to grant it Henry dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome declares himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church
Act of Supremacy- 1534 n n The King is head of the church in England, not the Pope!! Actions: n n n Divorced Broke w/Rome Took lands & wealth of Roman Catholic Church in England
Mary I of England - 1553 -58 n n n Daughter of Henry and 1 st wife Catherine of Aragon Catholic Queen Actions: n n n Restored Roman Catholicism, briefly Persecuted, burned dissenters Mary’s successor, Elizabeth, returned England to Protestantism
Queen Elizabeth I – 1558 -1603 n n Established English Protestant or Anglican Church Tolerance for dissenters Expansion & colonialism Victory over Spanish Armada (1588) n Catholic Spain attacking Protestant England
Reformation in Germany n Northern Germany princes – convert to Protestantism n n n End authority of Pope in their states Austrian Hapsburg family & authority of Holy Roman Empire continue to support RCC Conflicts between Protestants & Catholics ex. Thirty Years War
Reformation in France n Catholic monarchy grants Huguenots (French Protestants) religious freedom n n Edict of Nantes Later revoked
Reformation in France Increased centralized power n Cardinal Richelieu n n n French “Prime Minister” Changed focus of 30 Years War from religious to political. Sought to centralize French political power n n Oppose Hapsburg/Spanish aggression/influence Returned restrictions on Huguenots Reduced taxation on nobility Peasants oppressed
The COUNTER-Reformation Or, The Catholic Church Strikes Back!!
1545 Council of Trent n n n Determined what was heresy (against church teachings) Reaffirmed most church doctrine & practices Launched the Inquisition, and the Jesuits
The Society of Jesus - Jesuits n n Founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world Stop spread of Protestantism
The Inquisition n n Catholic Church’s prosecution of “heretics” Thousands killed/imprisoned Galileo – heliocentric theory doesn’t work for Catholic Church
The Inquisition
Changing Cultural Values, Traditions & Philosophies of the time n Growth of: n n n Secularism Individualism Religious tolerance
IN SHORT, THE REFORMATION ENDED CHURCH UNITY IN WESTERN EUROPE
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