Proteins The Bodys Building Blocks Chapter 7 P

Proteins: The Body’s Building Blocks Chapter 7 P is for Protein

Protein • Central Ideas • Protein is a complex nutrient essential to many important functions in the body. • Protein needs can be met by eating a variety of food sources.

What is Protein? Protein: an energy-yielding nutrient composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. • Differs from carbohydrates and fats because of the presence of nitrogen. • The body has at least 30, 000 types of protein, each with a different job. • The building blocks of all protein molecules are amino acids.

What is Protein? • There are 20 different amino acids that create different combinations for specific functions in the body. • DNA provides the instructions for how the amino acids will be linked to form the proteins in your body. Song to enjoy: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=QHvkl. S 77_U 0

What is Protein? • The protein we consume can be altered and changed but can never return to its initial form. This is called denaturation. This can be seen when you add heat to an egg (it changes from a runny fluid to a solid mass). The shapes of the protein molecules in these foods have changed. • Factors that cause denaturation: 1. Heat 2. Acids 3. Bases 4. Alcohol

Amino Acids Types of Amino Acids • Dispensable Amino Acids: Your body can produce these on its own. • Your body can synthesize 11 of the amino acids from the other amino acids • Indispensable Amino Acids: The remaining 9 amino acids must come from your diet – also called essential amino acids • You need all the amino acids to make the proteins your body needs for good health *Certain health conditions (such as PKU) interfere with the body’s ability to make dispensable amino acids. That amino acid then becomes a conditionally indispensable amino acid and it must be consumed through the diet. http: //www. merckmanuals. com/home/children-s-healthissues/hereditary-metabolic-disorders/disorders-of-amino-acidmetabolism

Essential vs. Dispensable Amino Acids

Protein • The quality of a protein is determined by its ability to provide the 9 essential amino acids. • Proteins from animal sources (eggs, dairy, meat, poultry, and fish) and one vegetable protein (soy) are all considered high-quality because they contain all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions.

Protein in the Body Muscle Bone Skin Other: blood, glands, nerve tissue

The Function of Protein • Build and maintain tissues • Protein makes up about 18 -20% of your body • Is a necessary part of every cell (needed to form the structure of muscles, organs, skin, blood, hair, nails and every other body part). • Skeletal muscle accounts for more than half of body protein • Make important compounds • Body uses proteins to make enzymes, some hormones, and antibodies (defend against infection and disease) • Regulate mineral and fluid balance • Proteins help carry the minerals sodium and potassium from one side of cell walls to the other (keeps a balance of fluid inside and outside the cell)

The Function of Protein • Maintain acid-base balance • Maintenance of the correct level of acidity of a body fluid • Proteins in the blood act as chemical buffers (counteract an excess of acid or base in a fluid) • Carry vital substances • Used to transport lipoproteins (protein linked with fat), iron, and other nutrients, as well as oxygen, chromosomes, and other bundles of protein to other parts of cells • Provide energy • Provides the cells with the energy they need to exist • If carbs and fats are lacking, the body uses protein as an energy source

Protein in the Body • When you consume protein food, acids in the stomach start to denature the proteins • Once the proteins are broken down into their simplest form the amino acids are then carried in the blood stream to the parts of the body they are needed.

How Much Protein Do You Need? • Protein is not stored in the body • Quantity depends on: • • Age Gender Body Size State of Health • RDA is 52 grams/day for 14 -18 year old males, 46 g/day for females • . 85 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight • 1 kg = 2. 2 pounds • 135#/2. 2 = 61. 3 kg x. 85 g = 52 g of protein

How Much Protein Do You Need? • When increased muscle mass is not the goal, large amounts of extra protein are not required • Supplements to increase intake may have more harmful affects than benefits • Protein is commonly over consumed-too much protein from artificial sources may be harmful-stick to natural sources so that the body may easily achieve it’s peak performance.

Who needs more protein? • • Growing youth and teens Pregnant & Breast Feeding Women Teen & Adult Males Individuals with Lean Muscle • Large, tall person in comparison to a small, short person • Ill and Injured People to build antibodies and rebuild damaged tissue

Protein Needs • Balanced Diet • Focus on Carbohydrates: 60 – 65% • Low end of Fats: 20 – 25% • Remaining calories are adequate for Protein: 10 – 20% • Avoid dehydration • Consume low-fat sources of protein • Use low-fat cooking methods: grilling, baking, & poaching

Do Athletes Need More Protein? • More muscle does not automatically require more protein • Most athletic activities require higher levels of energy which requires more carbohydrates for energy to spare proteins to build and repair muscles • Low Intensity sports like running need less compared to High Intensity sports like strength training. • In weight lifting, more protein will help improve muscle mass Protein requirements do vary based on a number of factors: If the individual is a(n) Protein needs Sedentary Adult . 8 g/kg Growing teen athlete 1. 5 -2. 0 g/kg Adult in strength training 1. 5 -1. 7 g/kg Adult in endurance training 1. 2 -1. 7 g/kg Figures represent commonly recommended findings from the American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, and the Dietitians of Canada.

Protein Hunt Activity • Complete the protein hunt handout. Read the directions at the top of the page before beginning. You can find nutritional value charts in Appendix D of your textbook.

Protein Song

Food Sources of Protein • Proteins in the diet can be provided from both animal and plant sources. • Factors that influence peoples protein choices: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Availability - http: //ed. ted. com/lessons/should-we-eat-bugs-emma-bryce Cost Health Concerns Food Preferences Religious Beliefs Environmental Factors

Food Sources of Protein • Animal Sources of Protein • • The largest source of protein, especially in U. S. Beef, Veal, Pork, Lamb, Poultry, & Fish. Other: Eggs, Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese Average American consumes 200 pounds of meat, poultry and seafood annually. • Fast food chains provide the bulk of protein in teens diets

Food Sources of Protein • Meat is an excellent source of protein but can be high in fat, the same is true for dairy. • 57% of calories in ground beef come from fat • Mostly saturated • No fiber • Considerably more expensive

Food Sources of Protein • Plant Sources of Protein TEMPEH • Can be found in grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes • Legumes capture nitrogen making them more protein dense: peanuts, black-eyed peas, kidney beans, black beans, lentils, chickpeas, and lima beans • Soybeans are a type of legume that can be converted to form different types of food products – meat alternative

Comparing Protein Sources Extra Lean Ground Beef Patty White Beans 4 ounces ½ cup 290 calories 116 calories 112 mg cholesterol 0 mg cholesterol High in Saturated Fat Low in Saturated Fat 0 g fiber 7 g fiber

Food Sources of Protein • Vegetarianism: diet consisting entirely or largely of plant foods. • Growing trend • Offers many health benefits • • Good source of fats No cholesterol High in fiber Low in saturated fat • Negative side • Not easily digested

Types of Vegetarianism VEGANS - (or strict vegetarians) eat no foods from animal sources. Diet limited to foods from plant sources. LACTO-VEGETARIANS - eat animal protein by milk, cheese, and other dairy products. They do not eat meat, fish, poultry, or eggs. OVO-VEGETARIANS - eat eggs, but do not eat meat or dairy products (“ovo” = latin for egg) LACTO-OVO VEGETARIANS - eat animal protein from dairy products and eggs. Do not eat meat, fish, or poultry. FRUITARIANS - eat vegan diets based on fruits, nuts and seeds, vegetables. Grains, beans, and animal products are excluded. PESCETARIANS - eat vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans, and fish/seafood, but reject animal or poultry products. FLEXITARIAN/SEMI-VEGETARIANS - partial vegetarians, eat dairy products, eggs, poultry, seafood. Eat little to no red meat.

Food Sources of Protein Reasons for Vegetarianism: 1. Religious 2. Health 3. Socioeconomic 4. Environmental 5. Humanitarian

Food Sources of Protein • Protein Quality: the amount and type of protein can vary greatly, some are better than others • Complete Proteins • Meat, Poultry, & Fish (Animal Sources) • Very high • All Indispensable Amino Acids are present • Incomplete Proteins • Plant Sources • Lower Quality • Missing or short in one or more of the indispensable Amino Acids.

Food Sources of Protein • Amino Balance is needed for the production of tissues and other compounds. • When lacking, your cells will not be able to make needed proteins • Example: writing a paper but you are only allowed to use a limited amount of letters from the alphabet.

Food Sources of Protein • Complementary Proteins: Two or more incomplete proteins that can be combined to provide all the indispensable amino acids. • Must consume more to get what is needed • Only focusing on incomplete protein is harmful • The right combinations: • Grains, nuts, or seeds with legumes. • Peanuts (legumes) and wheat (grain)=complete protein • Add complete protein sources (meat)

Protein Deficiency & Over Consumption • Nitrogen Balance: comparison of the nitrogen a person consumes with the nitrogen he or she excretes. • Protein is the only energy nutrient that provides nitrogen • Nitrogen Equilibrium: excrete the same amount that is taken in • Positive Nitrogen Balance: build new tissue - takes in more than is excreted • Negative Nitrogen Balance: tissues that are deteriorating. • Example: body that is wasting due to starvation

Protein Deficiency • Deficiency: shortage • Deficiency Disease: sickness caused by a lack of an essential nutrient • In the U. S. , typically protein is easy to get in amounts of excess. • Populations fighting poverty, deficiency is not uncommon.

Protein Deficiency • Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM): lack of calories and protein in the diet. • Symptoms: diarrhea and & various nutrient deficiencies. • Kwashiorkor is a form or PEM, a protein deficiency disease. • In poor countries it can occur when the next sibling is born and the older sibling is no longer receiving protein-rich breast milk and starts a diet that is much lower in protein

Protein Deficiency • Child suffering from Kwashiorkor: • Does not reach full growth potential • Bloated abdomen • Skinny arms and legs • Fluid imbalance resulting in death from simple illnesses.

Protein Deficiency • Marasmus: wasting disease cause by a lack of calories and protein • • Most often affects infants Muscles and tissues of these children begin to waste away More susceptible to infection and disease. Suffering from starvation

Protein Over Consumption • Excess Proteins in the diet • Most people in the U. S. are guilty of this • Women eat almost 1 ½ times the RDA • Men eat nearly twice the RDA • Lack of education about protein needs

Protein Over Consumption • Excess Protein • Liver & Kidney Problems • Produces an overabundance of nitrogen waste. • Body must excrete this waste before it builds up to toxic levels. • Liver turns nitrogen waste into urea, kidneys are then responsible for excreting through urine • Extra work on the liver and kidneys creating stress and aging • Calcium Loss • Diets high in protein from animals contribute to calcium loss in the bones • Excess Body Fat

“The Dangerous Truth about Protein” • By Dr. Janice Stanger, Ph. D. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 R 07 FL 1 w. Vo 4