Protein Synthesis The process of reading the instructions

  • Slides: 14
Download presentation

Protein Synthesis • The process of reading the instructions in the DNA to make

Protein Synthesis • The process of reading the instructions in the DNA to make a protein. Central Dogma of Genetics • DNA = instructions and is in the nucleus and can’t leave • But proteins are made in ribosomes • So protein synthesis takes 2 steps: DNA transcription RNA translation protein

Remember Proteins? ? • Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and

Remember Proteins? ? • Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes such as: - Function as catalysts Transport and store other molecules such as oxygen Provide mechanical support and immune protection Generate movement Transmit nerve impulses Control growth and differentiation. • #proteinsmatter

Three Essential Types of RNA • m. RNA (messenger): copies instructions in DNA and

Three Essential Types of RNA • m. RNA (messenger): copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm • t. RNA (transfer): carries amino acids to the ribosome and m. RNA • r. RNA (ribosomal): composes the ribosome

TRANSCRIPTION Purpose: Carry the code/instructions out of the nucleus (Remember: DNA never leaves the

TRANSCRIPTION Purpose: Carry the code/instructions out of the nucleus (Remember: DNA never leaves the nucleus, and proteins are made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes. ) Location: Nucleus Starts with: DNA Ends with: m. RNA

TRANSCRIPTION Process: 1. RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA promoter where transcription is to

TRANSCRIPTION Process: 1. RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA promoter where transcription is to begin and unzips the gene that needs to be copied. (looks for “TATA box” as a signal) 2. RNA Polymerase uses complementary base-pairing rules to match RNA nucleotides with the exposed DNA nucleotides (Remember: RNA has uracil instead of thymine, so A binds with U) 3. Release the completed m. RNA molecule 4. DNA zips back up and the m. RNA leave the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

Transcription: DNA is copied into a complementary strand of m. RNA 3’ RNA is

Transcription: DNA is copied into a complementary strand of m. RNA 3’ RNA is made in the 5’-3’ direction The DNA template read in the 3’-5’ direction 5’ 3’ 5’ DNA 3’ 5’ 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ m. RNA DNA m. RNA

Transcription – Try it! • DNA sequence (template): 3’ TACGCTAGTACGATT 5’ • m. RNA

Transcription – Try it! • DNA sequence (template): 3’ TACGCTAGTACGATT 5’ • m. RNA sequence: 5’ AUGCGAUCAUGCUAA 3’

Translation Vocabulary Genetic Code: code of instructions for how to make proteins Codon: a

Translation Vocabulary Genetic Code: code of instructions for how to make proteins Codon: a set of 3 nucleotides on the m. RNA (messenger) t. RNA (transfer) Amino acid – monomer (building block) Anticodon: “complementary” 3 for making proteins, held nucleotides on together by t. RNA peptide bonds

TRANSLATION Purpose: Read/follow the instructions carried on the m. RNA to make a protein

TRANSLATION Purpose: Read/follow the instructions carried on the m. RNA to make a protein Location: Cytoplasm / Ribosome Starts with: m. RNA Ends with: Protein

TRANSLATION Process: 1. m. RNA attaches to the small subunit of the ribosome 2.

TRANSLATION Process: 1. m. RNA attaches to the small subunit of the ribosome 2. Ribosome reads the m. RNA codons (3 m. RNA nucleotides – like a triplet) ALWAYS in the 5’ to 3’ direction; starting at codon AUG. 3. t. RNA (transfer RNA) molecules act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acids that match with the current codon being read off the m. RNA. 4. t. RNA’s continue to drop off amino acids, and the ribosome binds the amino acids together with peptide bonds 5. When the “stop codon” is reached, the ribosome releases the completed protein.

Translation: interpreting the RNA message into a protein.

Translation: interpreting the RNA message into a protein.

The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code

Transcription and Translation: Try it! • DNA sequence (template): 3’ TACGCTAGTACGATT 5’ • m.

Transcription and Translation: Try it! • DNA sequence (template): 3’ TACGCTAGTACGATT 5’ • m. RNA sequence: 5’ AUGCGAUCAUGCUAA 3’ • Codons: AUG CGA UCA UGC UAA • Amino Acids: Met – Arg – Ser – Cys – stop

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Jessica Hawley PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein SynthesisPROTEIN SYNTHESIS Jessica Hawley PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis PROTEIN SYNTHESIS n Protein synthesis involvesProtein Synthesis PROTEIN SYNTHESIS n Protein synthesis involves
Transcription Translation Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Protein synthesisTranscription Translation Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Jessica Hawley PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein SynthesisPROTEIN SYNTHESIS Jessica Hawley PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Synthesis the process ofProtein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Synthesis the process of
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein Synthesis The production synthesis ofPROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein Synthesis The production synthesis of
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 Protein Synthesis The production synthesisPROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 Protein Synthesis The production synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 Protein Synthesis The production synthesisPROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 Protein Synthesis The production synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 Protein Synthesis The production synthesisPROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 Protein Synthesis The production synthesis
Protein Synthesis Przeworski Protein Synthesis Instructions for proteinsProtein Synthesis Przeworski Protein Synthesis Instructions for proteins
Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Cytoplasm Instructions DNA RNAProtein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Cytoplasm Instructions DNA RNA
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS QUIZ CORRECTIONS Instructions for Protein SynthesisPROTEIN SYNTHESIS QUIZ CORRECTIONS Instructions for Protein Synthesis
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Proteinmaking Process Protein Synthesis GenePROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Proteinmaking Process Protein Synthesis Gene