Protein Synthesis Making Proteins SC 912 L 16

Protein Synthesis • Synthesis = the process of building or making something. • Protein

The Players – Who is involved in protein synthesis? • DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,

STEP 1: Transcription (DNA RNA) • What happens? • m. RNA is made (copied

STEP 1: Transcription (DNA RNA) • At the end of transcription, m. RNA leaves

STEP 2: Translation (Translating the RNA Proteins) • What? • Process by which information

Who is involved in translation? That’s A • The working instructions m. RNA LOT

How does m. RNA code for proteins? Not in the notes… • The ribosome

Codons – The Code of Life • m. RNA has the instructions, the instructions

m. RNA codes for proteins in triplets = Codon TACGCACATTTACGCGG DNA codon m. RNA

The Genetic Code • Used to decode m. RNA into amino acids. It is

Check for Understanding: AUG, GGU, AND CAA

Different look, same idea. (Start in the center. ) • Use this chart to

Translation: Let’s bring it all together! DNA Replication: DNA copies itself. Transcription: m. RNA

Proteins are the physical expression of our DNA. They are responsible for the visible

DNA structure is the same. • Just in a different order… m. RNA is

The Central Dogma How genetic information flows from a DNA sequence to a protein

We do – Protein Synthesis Foldable DNA Strand 1 Page 1 DNA Strand 2

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Protein Synthesis - Making Proteins • SC. 912. L. 16. 5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation and how they result in the expression of genes • What do we have to do? EXPLAIN • Explain the basic process of transcription AND translation. • How they result in the expression of genes. • EQ: Why is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA molecules so important?

Protein Synthesis • Synthesis = the process of building or making something. • Protein Synthesis = the process of building proteins. • 2 Main Steps: 1. Transcription (DNA RNA) 2. Translation (RNA Protein)

The Players – Who is involved in protein synthesis? • DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, Genetic Code to Life • m. RNA: Copy of the DNA, carries information in DNA out of the nucleus to make proteins. • r. RNA: Located on the ribosome. Reads the m. RNA instructions. • t. RNA: Brings amino acids to m. RNA in the ribosomes to create polypeptide chain. • Amino Acids: Monomers of proteins. • Polypeptide Chain: Polymer of proteins.

STEP 1: Transcription (DNA RNA) • What happens? • m. RNA is made (copied from DNA). • Where? • Occurs in the nucleus. • How? • The DNA strand is the template (pattern). • Bases are matched up. • • C G G C T A A U (Instead of T)

STEP 1: Transcription (DNA RNA) • At the end of transcription, m. RNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm to the ribosome (m. RNA Nucleus Ribosome in Cytoplasm).

STEP 2: Translation (Translating the RNA Proteins) • What? • Process by which information encoded in m. RNA is used to assemble a protein. • Where? • Occurs on the ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell. • How? • The m. RNA is read (decoded) in groups of 3 nucleotides called codons. • Codons are used to decode the message or translate the message to make proteins.

Who is involved in translation? That’s A • The working instructions m. RNA LOT of RNA • The reader ribosome (r. RNA) • The transporter transfer RNA (t. RNA) • The product amino acid chain (polypeptide or protein) ribosome m. RNA A C C A U G U C G A U C A GU A GC A U GG t. RNA aa aa aa U A C t. RNA aa A G t. RNA aa C U AG t. RNA aa

How does m. RNA code for proteins? Not in the notes… • The ribosome “protein factory” builds proteins. • The m. RNA contains the instructions on how to build the proteins. cytoplasm BUT HOW? How? nucleus build proteins ribosome

Codons – The Code of Life • m. RNA has the instructions, the instructions are CODONS. • A Codon is… • 3 Nucleotides • Every 3 Nucleotides = 1 Amino Acid OR Every Codon = 1 Amino Acid • Ribosomes “read” the m. RNA codons and the t. RNA retrieves the appropriate amino acid. • Some codons are special… • Start Codon: Signals the start of translation… • Stop Codon: Signals the end of translation…

m. RNA codes for proteins in triplets = Codon TACGCACATTTACGCGG DNA codon m. RNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCGCC ribosome AUGCGUGUAAAUGCGCC ? protein aa Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala aa aa How do we know which amino acid it codes for ?

The Genetic Code • Used to decode m. RNA into amino acids. It is the same code for ALL living organisms. • 3 Nucleotides = 1 Codon = 1 Amino Acid • Amino acids can have more than one codon that codes for it. Start codon • AUG • methionine Stop codons • UGA, UAG

Using the codon chart to decode m. RNA…

Check for Understanding: AUG, GGU, AND CAA

Different look, same idea. (Start in the center. ) • Use this chart to Decode the following: ACC - Tht CUC - Leu GAA - Glu UAG - Stop

Translation: Let’s bring it all together! DNA Replication: DNA copies itself. Transcription: m. RNA is made from DNA in the nucleus. Translation: m. RNA (from the nucleus) goes to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. r. RNA reads the m. RNA code (from the start codon) and t. RNA retrieves and attaches the correct amino acid until the stop c odon is reached. The chain of amino acids builds a protein.

Proteins are the physical expression of our DNA. They are responsible for the visible variety of life found on Earth. Proteins synthesis is the SAME for all living organisms.

DNA structure is the same. • Just in a different order… m. RNA is created the same. • TRANSCRIPTION m. RNA is read the same. • TRANSLATION Same codon chart. • Just different amount and order…

The Central Dogma How genetic information flows from a DNA sequence to a protein product inside cells. This process of genetic information flowing from DNA to RNA to protein is called gene expression.

We do – Protein Synthesis Foldable DNA Strand 1 Page 1 DNA Strand 2 Page 2 Transcription m. RNA Strand Amino Acid DNA Strand 1 DNA Strand 2 Pag e 2 Pa Page 4 Page 5 ge 1 Translation When: Where: Why: How: Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6