PROTEIN SYNTHESIS From DNA to RNA to Proteins

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS From DNA to RNA to Proteins

Genes • Sections of DNA that controls making of physical traits/proteins

Types of RNA • Messenger(m. RNA)-carries protein making instructions from DNA. • Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA)- Part of the ribosome. Makes proteins. • Transfer RNA (t. RNA)- transfers amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome to make a protein.

DNA vs. RNA (differences) • DNA – Sugar (Deoxyribose) – Phosphate Group – Nitogenous Bases –A – T=Thymine –G –C • _Double Stranded • Longer • RNA – Sugar (Ribose) – Phosphate group – Nitrogenous Bases • A • U=Uracil(Not “T”) • G • C • Single Stranded • Shorter

Protein Synthesis Overview • 2 Main Processes – Transcription-_DNA_ copied into m. RNA (nucleus) – Translation-m. RNA made into proteins_ ____ (ribosomes in cytoplasm)

Amino acid Protein Transcription! DNA Ribosome m. RNA Translation!!!! t. RNA

Transcription Video-animation https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f-We 1 ZTPo. HA

Transcription • 1. Initiatiation-DNA is unzipped (by RNA polymerase-enzyme) at a gene. “Promoter” initiates copying. • 2. Elongation-ONE strand of the DNA template is transcribed (copied) into m. RNA using complimentary base pairing. • 3. Termination-RNA polymerase reaches “termination Signal”/end of gene. Stops copying.

Transcription and Translation video (Bozeman) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =h 3 b 9 Arup. XZg

Simulation • http: //www. phschool. com/atscho ol/phbio/active_art/protein_synth esis/index. html

Transcribe the following DNA strands. • ATTCGACG • UAAGCUGC • TTACCAGC • AAUGGUCG • TTAAAACG • AAUUUUGC

Codon • 3 consecutive nitrogen bases on m. RNA that specify 1 particular amino acid.

FLOW OF GENETIC INFO Genetic Trait. Blue eyes

B A S U LE C U N C

Translation Video • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =B 6 O 6 u. Rb 1 D 38&feature=related

Translation -- The decoding of m. RNA into a protein Nuclear envelope Amino acid t. RNA Polypeptide chain Cell membrane

Transcription/translation video • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =NJxobgk. PEAo

Translation Decode m. RNA to Proteins

Steps of Translation • 1. The m. RNA strand is broken into codons – (Codon- 3 bases that code for an amino acids. )

Translation • 2. Ribosome reads the codons and translates them into amino acids. • How? ? – Uses the Genetic Code – Match the first letter on the left – Match the second letter on the top – Match the third letter on the right – Ex: codon AUG – Amino Acid: Methionine

• What amino acid goes with the following codons: • • • UGGGAAACAUAGAGCCAG-

Example

Translate and write polypeptide (amino acid) chain • DNA- AGGCGG • m. RNA-UCCGCC • Amino Acid-Ser-ala-ser-ala

DNA STRAND (Transcribe, translate, amino acid) CCATAGCACGTTACAACGTGAAGGTAA

• 3. r. RNA sends for the t. RNA to bring the correct amino acids. • 4. The t. RNA anticodons match up with the m. RNA codons – Ex: m. RNA CUG -codon – t RNAGAC -anticodon brings the amino acid methionine attached to it. • 5. Amino acids are attached to each other making a protein, until a STOP codon is reached

Translation continued • 6. Disassembly- Ribosome complex falls apart. Polypeptide chain (protein) is released.

CY T OP LA SM

• DNA: ACA TTG TAG CAT • m. RNA: • Amino. Acids: • DNA: TTT TAC TGG CGC GTA • m. RNA: • Amino. Acids:

Protein shape video-honors only • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =lij. Q 3 a 8 y. UYQ

FLOW OF GENETIC INFO

Protein Paths (Protein Synthesis) (p. 83) • 1. Nucleus- DNA copied to RNA • 2. Ribosomes- RNA attaches to ribosomes (on ER) for protein synthesis. • 3. Protein leaves ER and goes to Golgi Apparatus • 4. Proteins modified/packaged in Golgi • 5. Vesicles release proteins out of cell through cell membrane

Protein Paths (Protein Synthesis) (p. 83) • 1. Nucleus- DNA copied to RNA • 2. Ribosomes/Rough ER- Synthesize Proteins (send to Golgi) • 3. Golgi Apparatusmodifies/packages/sends proteins • 4. Cell Membrane- carries proteins from Golgi (in vesicles) to be released from cell

A B C D Which is the correct path of protein synthesis? ? ?

Path of Proteins-