PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Chapter 10 NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Chapter 10

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA FUNCTION Store information ____________ :

NUCLEIC ACIDS Made up of NUCLEOTIDE subunits NITROGEN BASE

5 NITROGEN BASES Adenine A=_______ T= _______ Thymine G= _______ Guanine C= _______ Cytosine U= _______ Uracil

RNA RIBOSE SUGAR = _________ A, U, C, G NITROGEN BASES = _________

RNA SINGLE STRANDED U _______ PHOSPHATES and _____ SUGARS form the chain NITROGEN BASES _________ stick out to side

DNA DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR = _________ A, T, C, G NITROGEN BASES = _________

DNA DOUBLE STRANDED PHOSPHATES _______ and _____ SUGARS make the sides of the ladder NITROGEN BASES _________ make the steps

DNA “Twisted ladder” called a DOUBLE HELIX

BONDING RULES HYDROGEN ________BONDS hold two strands together T ____ A always bonds with ____ G always bonds with ____ C ____

DNA Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar A, T, G, C No Uracil Stays in nucleus Makes up genetic code RNA Single stranded Ribose sugar A, U, G, C No Thymine Made in nucleus but moves to cytoplasm Carries genetic code to ribosomes and changes code into a protein

CELL DNA is found in nucleus RIBOSOMES are found in cytoplasm

WAY INFORMATION IN PASSED IN CELLS DNA ____________ RNA PROTEIN

WAY INFORMATION IN PASSED IN CELLS DNA = REPLICATION

DNA can copy itself = _________ REPLICATION Happens during CELL DIVISION _______ (S)

REPLICATION • DNA unzips • DNA POLYMERASE proteins move along strands and use code to make 2 new matching DNA strands • REPLICATION LINK

WAY INFORMATION IN PASSED IN CELLS RNA _____ DNA _____ = TRANSCRIPTION

TRANSCRIPTION • DNA unzips • RNA POLYMERASE protein moves along strand uses code to make an RNA strand • RNA strand leaves nucleus and travels to ribosomes in cytoplasm • DNA zips back together • TRANSCRIPTION LINK

TRANSCRIPTION MAKES 3 KINDS of RNA TO DO DIFFERENT JOBS RIBOSOMAL-RNA ____________ (r-RNA) makes up the ribosomes MESSENGER-RNA ____________ (m-RNA) carries DNA code out to ribosomes TRANSFER-RNA (t-RNA) ____________ matches the m-RNA to add the correct amino acids to the protein chain

Ribosomal-RNA (r-RNA) Made in NUCLEOLUS; joins with proteins to make ribosomes

Messenger-RNA (m-RNA) Carries message from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm

AMINO ACID BINDS HERE Transfer-RNA (t-RNA) “hairpin” shaped RNA m-RNA BINDS HERE Binds m-RNA at one end a specific amino acid at other end Image from: http: //www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/T/t. RNA. html

AMINO ACID BINDS HERE ANTICODON CAU M-RNA GUACACGGCUUA Image from: http: //www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/T/t. RNA. html

WAY INFORMATION IN PASSED IN CELLS RNA PROTEIN ____________ = TRANSLATION

PROTEINS ARE MADE OF AMINO ACIDS

20 AMINO ACIDS are used by all cells to make proteins R group is different in each Modified from: http: //www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/A/amino. html

TRANSLATION • M-RNA attaches to ribosome • As ribosome moves along m-RNA strand, t-RNA anticodons match the code and bring in the correct amino • Enzymes join the amino acids and t-RNA drops off • When the end is reached, ribosome and protein separate (Ribosome, m-RNA, and t-RNA can then be reused to make another protein)

ANTICODON _______on t-RNA matches the ____ CODON on the m-RNA and adds the correct amino acid

UUU – Phenylalanine GUC -Valine AUG = Start codon Images Modified from: http: //www. daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/A/amino. html

TRANSLATION • TRANSLATION LINK

PROTEIN STRUCTURE AMINO and CARBOXY groups join to make a chain when WATER is removed

PROTEINS