Protecting Geographical Indications Click to edit Master title

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style …in the World • • • Click to edit Master text styles – Secondlevel Second • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Fourth level Fifth level TRIPs and Geographical Indications : The Way Forward Parma, June 2005 15/09/2020 9/15/2020 Prepared DGDG TRADE & DG & MARKT for the European Preparedbyby TRADE DG MARKT for the. Commission European 11 Commission 1/17 Slide

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style WTO Negotiations & GIs • AClick totrade editliberalisation Master text styles the Uruguay Round round of to complete • (1986 -1992)… Second level …that has been turned into a round of negotiations that is to • benefit, Thirdinlevel particular, developing countries. number of issues on the table (a global round): • AFourth level • «Fifth levelsupport Agricultural «NAMA (Non-agricultural market access) «Services «Intellectual Property (including GIs) 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 2 Slide 2/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click. Geographical to edit Master title style Indications: Why? also. Master for GIs text styles • Globalization: Click to edit Agricultural support is changing shape • « Second level «Incresing competition in the EU market (e. g. , wines) • Third level A reality: GI protection did not exist outside Europe before • 1996 Fourth level If GI products are to be exported, they need to be protected • preventively Fifth level (so investments in publicity et al. are not lost) Recuperating GIs is becoming increasingly difficult (e. g. , semigenerics in the US) 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 3 Slide 3/17

Protecting Geographical Indications. . . Indications…. Click to edit Master title style 1996 and TRIPs: A solution? Principle of Private Enforcement: WTO members must provide Click to means edit Master textparties” stylesto protect GIs (i. e. , the “legal to interested recognised in their country of origin) (Art. 22. 2 and 23. 1 TRIPs) Second level but not “to protect” foreign GIs as we do in Europe (i. e. , ex officio) level Third A twofold level of protection: A right-holder of a Gi Fourth level recognised in a WTO member must be able to prevent: • • «All GIs: Consumer deception (for all GIs) • Fifth level «Wines & Spirits: Use of delocalisers, translations or “style”, “like” and so on. Territorial exceptions for generics, certain prior uses and TMs 9/15/2020 15/09/2020 Prepared by Antonio DG TRADE Berenguer & DG for MARKT the European for the European Commission 4 Slide 4/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. • • • Full IP (forbids edit evocations Master like text Click to styles imitation of shapes Second level“tetilla”) Third level Limited IP (forbids “style of Manchego” Fourth level or translation like Fifth level “Parmezan”) European Union TRIPS Click to edit Master title style TRIPs & EU: comparing levels of protection Unfair Competition (allows Parmezan of Australia) 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 5 Slide 5/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style GIs on wines and spirits: What does TRIPs say? (Art. 23. 1) • • • Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 6 Slide 6/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style GIs on wines and spirits: What does TRIPs say? (Art. 23. 1) • • • Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 7 Slide 7/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style GIs on wines and spirits: What does TRIPs say? (Art. 23. 2) • • • Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 8 Slide 8/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style GIs on wines and spirits: What does TRIPs say? (Art. 22 – • • • potentially) Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 9 Slide 9/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style WHERE DOES MY HAM COME FROM? • • • = Italian Click to edit Master text. Ham? styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level = Italian Ham? = Spanish Ham? 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 10 Slide 10/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style Isn’t this good enough? • • • Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 11 Slide 11/17

Protecting Geographical Indications. . . Indications…. Click to edit Master title style So: Why is that happening? • • • The rules not. Master appropriate: Click to are edit text styles «Rules arelevel not transparent and require heavy investments Second «Protection is insufficient (non-wines & spirits, trade dress, etc) Third level «Generics and other exceptions are broadly interpreted Fourth level …but more importantly: use of the existing rules is insufficient!!! Fifth level What the EU is doing : A multilateral register for GIs (TRIPs) The extension of the wine regime A list of (mis)used GIs (Co. A) 9/15/2020 15/09/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 12 Slide 12/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style Notification by the US: “BOURBON” 18 Month Exam Opposition by: Canada; Mexico; Morocco; New Zealand; China. • • • Click to edit Master text styles Effects for “Bourbon” Second level « PM- Will be presumed a GI Third level « AM- E. g. , no one will be Fourth level able to claim that its generic Fifth level « There will be a need to negotiate with “red” countries a bilateral agreement 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 13 Slide 13/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. • • • Full IP (forbids edit evocations Master like text Click to styles imitation of shapes Second level“tetilla”) Third level Limited IP (forbids “style of Manchego” Fourth level or translation like Fifth level “Parmezan”) European Union TRIPS Click to edit Master title style TRIPs & EU: comparing levels of protection Unfair Competition (allows Parmezan of Australia) 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 14 Slide 14/17

Protecting Geographical Indications. . . Indications…. Click to edit Master title style The shortcomings of TRIPs: the Exceptions • • • Good Faith uses of GIs prior to 1984 are permitted for wines Click to edit Master text styles and spirits Second level Prior trademarks may prevent the protection of later in time Third levelindications geographical Geographical Fourth levelindications that have become generic do not need to be protected Fifth level SOLUTION: A limited list of selected, already usurped, trade significant GIs that would be “clawed-back” 9/15/2020 15/09/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 15 Slide 15/17

Protecting Geographical Indications. . . Indications…. Click to edit Master title style Why are negotiations not advancing? • • • Many countries not want anything on GIs: USA, Australia, Click to edit do Master text styles Canada, Chile, Argentina, etc Second level «Some tactical reasons: wish to extract concessions in Ag. Neg. Third «Somelevel economic problems: past-uses of EU GIs Fourth What arelevel they offering? «A database Fifth level (web-base) on GIs without any legal effects for wines and spirits and… «…nothing else (discussions but no negotiations on “extension” and denial of negotiations on the list) 9/15/2020 15/09/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 16 Slide 16/17

Protecting Geographical Indications. . . Indications…. Click to edit Master title style The Way Forward: Coherence (I) • • • Click edit Master text styles Role ofto right-holders… «…ex officio? Second level. China situation? «…awareness raising? How about the “sherry” cases? Third level A mutually supportive relationship between trademarks and GIs Fourth level «…part of a coherent approach to IPR Fifth level «…based on economic principles and not on the blind applications of legal principles (reputation, domain names, etc) 9/15/2020 15/09/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 17 Slide 17/17

Protecting Geographical Indications. . . Indications…. Click to edit Master title style The Way Forward: Coherence (II) • • • Click edit Master textis styles Productto specific negotiations: it the right approach? «…message to developing world? Truly effective? Second level «…tactical games? Is someone thinking product specific? Third level GIs: an independent property right? Fourth level «…part of a coherent approach to IPR, particularly vis-à-vis third countries? Fifth level «…an opportunity for everyone -- developed and developing countries alike? 9/15/2020 15/09/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 18 Slide 18/17

Protecting Geographical Indications. . . Indications…. Click to edit Master title style The Way Forward: Summary of Ideas • • • Click toproduct-neutral edit Masterregime text styles A single, acceptable to all Second level Embodying the right balance between trademarks and GIs Third With a level degree of autonomy to be determined and largely influenced by the outcome of other negotiations Fourth level With a varying role of right-holders and authorities depending Fifth level on the calibre of the challenge and in a manner consistent with that given to other IPRs 9/15/2020 15/09/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 19 Slide 19/17

Protecting Geographical Indications…. Click to edit Master title style • • • Click to edit Master text styles Second level THANKS! Third level Fourth level THE END Fifth level 9/15/2020 Prepared by DG TRADE & DG MARKT for the European Commission 20 Slide 20/17