Prospects for European Space Weather Measurements Volker Bothmer

Prospects for European Space Weather Measurements Volker Bothmer Institute for Astrophysikcs, University Göttingen, Germany Third Space Weather Week, 13 -17 November 2006, Brussels, Belgium Planetarium Hamburg, 19. Mai 2006

Definition of Space Weather Measurements 4, 5 3 2 1 In this presentation Space Mission are primarily taken into account in the timeframe 2006 until beyond 2010 if they involve European Participation and if the Instrumentations provide measurements that will further our insights about the physics of the complex Sun. Earth System - i. e. the Sun, inner heliosphere, Earth‘s magnetosphere, ionosphere and lower atmospheric layers - either through newly developed devices or through monitoring strategies. However, because of the variety of individual missions, it must not necessarily be overall complete. Mission Overview provided by G. Withbroe for ILWS. Planetary Missions IHY (http: //ihy. gsfc. nasa. gov) 2 (e. g. , Bepi Colombo) not included.

Part I a) Ongoing Solar Missions 3

Overview Solar Missions Mission Orbit Status SW Observations Agencies ACRIMSAT/ACRIM 3 LEO ? TSI US, monitoring CORONAS-F LEO operational XUVs, γ, n, CRs RUS GOES Geosync. Operational, SERIES N, O, P, R X-ray, p, e US RHESSI LEO operational Hard X/γ-rays NASA (SMART I) Transfer to Moon operational X-rays ESA SMEI Sun-sync. operational ICMEs, Earth‘s atmosphere US and European Inst. So. HO L 1 operational Sun, Corona, Solar Wind ESA/NASA Solar-B (Hinode) Polar, sun-sync. operational EUV, Magnetic Field NASA/ISAS STEREO (A, B) Heliosync. , drifting operational EUV, white-light, in-situ NASA SORCE 645 km, 40° incl. operational TIM NASA TRACE LEO operational EUV NASA 4

Part I b) New Solar Missions 5

Overview New Solar Missions • ASPIICS, Twin satellite system - formation flight, LEO, inner corona and CMEs in EUV white-light, Lyman alpha, science firsts, under study for ESA Proba 3 • (Chandraayana-1, Polar lunar orbit, X-ray imaging, 2007 -2008, 2 yrs, Indian Space Agency) • CORONAS-Photon, LEO, EUV, gammas, hard and soft X-rays, energetic particles, launch planned for 2007, RUS • Earth. Shine, L 1, Sun eneregy output and Earth‘s atmosphere, UK, under study by RAL • Kua. Fu, L 1 and B 1, B 2 in polar orbits, Sun-Earth-System, NSF China, under study • L 5 mission, L 5, Stereotype mission, in-situ and remote sensing, NICT/CRL (Japan), next solar max • Lyot/Mirages, LEO, solar corona, remote sensing incl. FIR, CNES, after 2012 • Picard, sun-sync. LEO, Irradiance, CNES, 2008 • Proba 2, LEO sun-sync. , high-res. EUV and irradiance, ESA (Russian launcher), 2007 • SDO, incl. geosync. , high-res. remote sensing, helioseismology, irradiance, EUV but NO CORONAGRAPH, NASA, 2008 • SMESE, CSSAR, LEO, flares and CMEs, China, 2009 -2010 • Sol. ACES, ISS, irradiation monitor for UV and EUV, Shuttle launch, DLR, NASA, 2007 • SOLSPEC, ISS, solar spectrometer in the UV, visible, IR, irradiance, Shuttle launch, IASB, ESA, NASA, 2007 6

Overview New Solar Missions • SOVIM, inner heliospheric with high incl. , in-situ near Sun package, RMI Belgium, ESA, to be developed • Solar Probe, polar heliocentric, coronal encounter, in-situ and remote sensing package, NASA, 2013 • SPORT, solar orbit with high incl. , mother sat. plus 8 tethered children, in-situ and remote sensing, CME and plasma tracking, Chinese Academy of Sciences, under study • SST, sun-sync. 800 km, remote sensing, X/γ-rays, radio, solar magnetic field, flares, CNSA (China), 2008 • Sunrise, balloon flight, high-res. magnetic fields at the Sun, MPS, Germany, 2008 7

Overview Inner Heliospheric Missions 8 Mission Orbit Status SW Observations Agencies ACE L 1 operational solar wind, energetic particles, CRs NASA Wind L 1 operational solar wind NASA

Part II b) New Inner Heliospheric Missions 9

Overview New Inner Heliospheric Missions • Geostorm, L 1, solar wind, NOAA, under study • Interhelioprobe, heliocentric, perihel inside Mercury orbit, in-situ and remote sensing, IZMIRAN, IKI, NPO (RUS), 2007 -2008 • Plasma-F, 7 -8 days out of 9 in ip medium, Package on SPECTR-R satellite, IKI (Hungary), 2007 • Sentinels, multiple spacecraft in heliocentric orbits, in-siut packages, NASA, 2015 10

Part III a) Ongoing Magnetospheric Missions 11

Overview Magnetospheric Missions 12 Mission Orbit Status SW Observations Agencies CHAMP LEO operational Earth‘s gravity and structure, GPS DLR Cluster 4 S/C, Eccentric polar orbits operational Magnetosphere, smallscale processes ESA, RUS launcher Double Star TC-1, TC-2, twin system, eq. and polar operational Magnetosphere CNSA, ESA Geotail magnetotail operational Magnetotail ISAS, NASA GOES geostationary 2 operational, series 11, 12, N, O, P, R X-rays, particles, atmospheric parameters NOAA GPS Multiple @ 4 R operational GPS, space environment Do. D GSAT-2 Geostat. operational (Solar X-rays) ISRO (India) Polar Highly ellipt. operational Aurorae imager NASA STEREO (A, B) Heliosync. , drifting operational EUV, white-light, in-situ NASA SORCE LEO operational TIM NASA TRACE LEO operational EUV NASA

Part III b) New Magnetospheric Missions 13

Overview New Magnetospheric Missions • GEC, four satellites in changing orbit, geospace electrodynamics, NASA, 2013 • Interball-PROGNOZ, multiple sat system, 1 Sat in outer magnetosphere and tail, 3 ionospheric satelllites, IKI, NPO (Russia), Brazil and other countries, 2008 • Maxwell/APEX, twin geostationary system, magnetospheric physics, UK, proposed as ESA Flexi • MMS, 4 satellites in magnetospheric orbits, magnetospheric processes, N ASA, 2013 • M 3, Multi-spacecraft mission in Magnetosphere, magnetospheric processes, ESA, 2015 -2025 • Orbitals, multiple satellites in magnetosphere, radiation belts, CSA (Canada), 2012 • Radiation Belt Storm Probes, twin system in elliptical near eq. orbits, characteristics of magnetosphere, NASA, 2011 • Resonance, 2 spacecraft in special magnetospheric orbits, inner magnetosphere, IKI, IPF (RUS), under study • ROY, 4 plus 1 spacecraft in polar orbit, magnetospheric scales, RASA (RUS), under study • SCOPE, 4 plus 1 spacecraft in magnetotail, ISAS, 2012 • STORMS, eq. orbits, inner magnetospheric studies, Finland, under study, 2007 • SWARM, 4 sat. in 2 polar orbits, geomagnetic field survey, ESA, 2009 SWISE, 3 sat. in magnetosphere, response of geospace to solar and interplanetary conditions, CNSA (China), 2020 • THEMIS, 3 inner magnetospheric probes, magnetospheric substorms, NASA, 2006 • TWINS, 2 high incl. sat. , multi-scale magnetospheric processes, NASA, 2006/2007 14

Part IV a) Ongoing Ionospheric/Atmospheric Missions 15

Overview Ionospheric/Atmospheric Missions Mission Orbit Status SW Observations Agencies AURA polar, sun-sync. operational Atmosphere monitoring, ozone NASA COSMIC/FORMOS AT-3 LEO, 6 microsatellites operational Ionospheric modeling, GPS TAIWAN DEMETER LEO operational Ionospheric modeling, energetic electrons CNES DMSP pol. sun-sync. , Series F-13 -17 operational Meteorology, Magnetosphere, low energy particles Do. D Fed. Sat LEO operational GPS, ionosphere, magnetosphere CRCSS (AUS) FORMOSAT-2 LEO, sun-sync. operational Atmosphere, electrodyn. couplings NSPO (Taiwan) INDEX LEO operational Aurorae, space plasmas ISAS/JAXA (Japan) Met. Op Polar, sun-sync. operational Earth and Space Environment DLR, RUS NOAA-POES polar Operational, series Weather conditions NOAA Sich-1 M LEO operational Ionospheric EM fields Ucraine 16

Part IV b) New Ionospheric/Atmospheric Missions 17

New Ionospheric/Atmospheric Missions • AIM (Aeronomy of ICE in the Mesosphere), NASA, Polar Mesospheric Clouds, LEO sun-sync. , launch 2006? • CINDI/CNOFS, LEO, F-region characteristics, NASA, Do. D, launch planned for 2006 • Earth. Shine, L 1, Sun eneregy output and Earth‘s atmosphere, UK, under study by RAL • Environment, LEO, microsatellite Chibis, EM ionosphere, RUS and other Eastern European Countries, launch planned for 2006 • EPOP, LEO, ionospheric conditions, CSA (Canada), launch planned for 2006 • EQUARS, LEO, atmospheric coupling, INPE (Brazil), launch planned for 2006 • FUV Imager, LEO high lat. , ionosphere and thermosphere, NASA, 2012 • Heracles, LEO, microsats, geospace environment, France, under study • Ionosphere/Thermosphere Probes, twin spacecraft, inclined LEO, mid-latitude ionosphere, NASA, 2015 • TARANIS, LEO, atmospheric, magnetospheric, ionospheric couplings, CNES (France), 2009 18

Part V Conclusions 19

Conclusions (of the presenter!) • The variety of missions in operation and under study made it almost impossible to clearly identify the missions WIHOUT European participation –being prominent in mission developments, science and instrumentation! (I found it not adequate to advertise individual projects). • This clearly documents our high level of excellence in space science with regard to the field of space weather! • However, there appears a general lack of L 1 solar wind monitoring missions! • Despite the large number of missions, no clear focussed space weather mission covering major space weather issues of the major fields of the SE-systems exists so far! 20

Conclusions (of the presenter!) • It appears to me today as one of the most important task for the community to define an integrated (covering the major issues of space weather), concept for a space weather mission, preferentially in LEO (optimization of technical and cost reasons compared to L 1 missions). This could be achieved probably fastest through national activities or a network combining these efforts (ESA). • This task is urgent with respect to the upcoming solar maximum in a couple of years and our invention of the Galileo system, also with respect to the fast path some nations already go. 21

Special Thanks to the People who helped to built EIT! 22