PROSES TERBENTUKNYA ENERGI LISTRIK BENDA MOLEKUL ATOM PROTON

PROSES TERBENTUKNYA ENERGI LISTRIK BENDA MOLEKUL ATOM PROTON NEUTRON ELEKTRON

ATOMS

Energy Levels

DEFINISI LISTRIK • TENAGA ATAU USAHA YG TDK TERLIHAT MATA • GERAKAN ELEKTRON DARI TMPAT YANG BERMUATAN POSITIP MENUJU TEMPAT YANG BERMUATAN NEGATIP CATATAN : KECEPATAN ELEKTRON/LISTRIK ADALAH 3 X 108 m/detik =300. 000 km/dt

PROSES TERJADINYA LISTRIK 1. SECARA TERMIS ( PANAS ) CONTOH : - TERMO KOPEL, PETIR dll. 2. SECARA KIMIAWI CONTOH : - BATU BATERREY, ACUMULATOR/AKI dll. 3. SECARA ELEKTROMAKNETIS CONTOH : - DINAMO SEPEDA MOTOR/MOBIL, GENERATOR, MIKROPONE dll.

Basic Sources of Electricity • Friction (gesekan) • Chemical Action (kimiawi) • Light (cahaya) • Heat (panas) • Pressure (tekanan) • Magnetism (magnetis) 6

PROSES TERMIS • APABILA DUA BUAH BATANG LOGAM YANG BERLAINAN JENIS SALING DIHUBUNGKAN DAN PADA LOGAM TERSEBUT MENERIMA ENERGI TERMIS/PANAS, MAKA KEDUA UJUNG LOGAM TERSEBUT TIMBUL GAYA GERAK LISTRIK

PROSES TERMIS

Voltage Produced by Heat

Photovoltaic Cell 10

Photovoltaic Cell • Schematic symbol _ + • Physical description L 11 _ + Sunlight N type semiconductor P type semiconductor • Specifications: 1 cell produces 1 Watt and. 5 Volts – Cells can be connected into arrays. – Arrays are build with cells in series and parallel.

Photovoltaic Cell Application • Used to keep solar powered cars charged when not being driven. 12

Photoresistive Cells • Schematic symbol 13

Photoresistive Cell Application • Resistance is proportional to the light source applied. • The circuit below uses a photoresistive call to bias the base of a transistor. The output of this amplifier could be used to power a light (Street Light). PILOT DEVICE +VCC +VOUT AC OR DC 14

Thermocouple • Schematic symbol _ + • Physical Description Iron Wire Copper Wire Galvanometer: Measures very Small currents. Thermocouple Match Thermocouple + Galvanometer = Pyrometer 15 Group of thermocouples = Thermopile

Piezoelectric Effect • Definition: The property of some crystals (i. e. Quartz) • that when a pressure is exerted on one axis, a proportional voltage is present on the other axis. Physical Description: pressure electrical waves e- Sound waves Quartz Crystal Output 16

Fuel Cells • Schematic symbol Operation FC • Physical description L Electrode Hydrogen Gas _ Potassium Hydroxide KOH Electrolyte 17 Electrode + Oxygen Gas H 2 gas supplied develops a – potential on electrode & ionizes the electrolyte. O 2 gas supplied develops a + potential on electrode & ionizes the electrolyte. H 2 O is waste product of chemical reaction with no heat loss. Used in the space program. Ratings: 1. 23 V, 2 KW

Magnetohydrodynamic Generator • Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electricity is generated when • ionized gas is passed through a magnetic field. MHD converter Gas heated by solar power > 2000 F Ionizing Gas + _ Coil for Magnetic Field _ + 18 Anode Plate Ionizing Gas (Argon or Cathode Plate Helium) Output

Voltage Produced by Pressure Charged Bodies

Voltage Produced by Light

Battery Experiment • A grapefruit can be used to produce enough electricity to operate a small radio. Nickel Penny 21

PROSES KIMIAWI TERBENTUKNYA LISTRIK KARENA PERCAMPURAN/REAKSI KIMIA ANTARA BEBERAPA JENIS UNSUR KIMIA HINGGA DAPAT MENGHASILKAN ENERGI LISTRIK

PROSES KIMIAWI

Voltage Produced by Chemical Action

Sources of Electricity 25

Zinc Carbon Battery Cell • Zn + H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O Zn. SO 4 + H 2 O + H 2 * plate + electrolyte + water sulfated - plate + water + hydrogen gas. * End of Life due to H 2 blanketing around carbon rod. Zn C - + H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O 26

Primary Cells D Cell AAA Cell C Cell 27

Primary Cells 28

Primary Cells • Can not be recharged. Chemical action can not be • • • reversed. Defect: Polarization: H 2 blanketing around electrode. Depolarization agent is added to prevent the H 2 blanketing around electrode. Compounds rich in oxygen (i. e. Mn. O 2) are used. The O 2 in the depolarization agent combines with H 2 to form H 2 O. (2 Mn. O 2 + H 2 2 Mn. O 3 + H 2 O): Local Action: Does not contribute to electrical energy. 29

Battery Dry Cell • Flashlight Batteries: Zinc-carbon Cell 30

AA Alkaline Cell • • Anode: Manganese Dioxide Cathode: Zinc Powder Electrolyte: Caustic Alkali Separator: Separates + & - 31

Lithium Cell • Lithium is bonded to a • thin layer of conductive metal and has a porous separator between it and the cathode. This design allows for a large surface area, providing a large reaction surface & higher discharge rates compared to other Lithium cells. 32

Silver Oxide Cell • Uses amalgamated zinc anode, silver oxide as the cathode • • • material, & a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. Silver oxide cells are ideal for miniature devices where space is limited. Voltage: 1. 5 to 1. 2 V Uses: Watches 33

Silver Oxide Cell 34

Secondary Cells • Can be recharged or restored. • Chemical action can be reversed. 35

Battery Chargers • Used to restore the charge on rechargeable • batteries. Used for: AA batteries and car batteries. 36

Battery Chargers Schematic 37

Battery Chargers P/S Schematic • Parts of a Power Supply * Stepdown Transformer * Bridge Rectifier * Filters * Regulator 38

Battery Wet Cell 39

Measuring Specific Gravity Determines state of the charge on the battery. 40

Lead Acid Battery 41

Lead Acid Battery • Primary Chemical Reactions charge – Pb + Pb. O 2 + 2 H 2 SO 4 -2 charge 2 Pb. SO 4 -2 + 2 H 2 O + 5 edischarge • Half Cell Chemical Reactions – Pb + SO 4 -2 = Pb. SO 4 -2 + 2 e– Pb. O 2 + 4 H+ + 2 e- + SO 4 -2 = Pb. SO 4 -2 Pb Pb. O 2 - + H 2 SO 4 -2 H 2 O Electrolyte 42 Separator

Lead Acid Battery Terminal Post Plastic Case Pl at es Se pa ra to r 43

Nickel-cadmium Cell 44

Dirty Cells cause grounds 45

Cell Damage 46

Batteries in Series Physical Description _ 1. 5 V@1 A Electrical Schematic _ + _ + 47 1. 5 V@1 A Output 6 VDC 1 A +

Batteries in Parallel Physical Description 1. 5 V @1 A + 1. 5 V @1 A _ Electrical Schematic _ _ + + 48 Output 1. 5 VDC 4 A

Batteries in Series-Parallel Physical Description 1. 5 V @1 A + 1. 5 V @1 A _ 1. 5 V @1 A Electrical Schematic _ _ _ _ + + + + Output 6 VDC 2 A 49

PROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETIS APABILA SUATU PENGHANTAR KAWAT (KUMPARAN KAWAT) DIGERAKKAN PADA MEDAN MAKNET MAKA PADA KEDUA UJUNG KUPARAN KAWAT TERSEBUT AKAN TIMBUL GAYA GERAK LISTRIK ( HUKUM FARADAY ) CATATAN: BESAR KECILNYA TEGANGAN LISTRIK DITENTUKAN OLEH PANJANG ATAU PENDEKNYA KAWAT PENGHANTAR