Property of Lear Siegler PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Property of Lear Siegler

PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the completion of this lesson, the student will: ACTION: Demonstrate an understanding of the atmosphere’s physical properties and their impact on the operation of the TH-67 pressure instruments. CONDITION: In a classroom environment given information on the pressure instruments and the atmosphere. STANDARD: Answer questions pertaining to the atmosphere’s physical properties and their impact on the operation of the TH-67 pressure instruments. Receive a “GO” by correctly answering the required number of questions on criterion referenced examination 011 -0050. Property of Lear Siegler

A: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the characteristics of the standard atmosphere Condition: Given information about the standard atmosphe Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 and FAA-H-8083 -25 A, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. Property of Lear Siegler

The “Standard Atmosphere” “A hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which by international or national agreement is taken to be representative of the atmosphere for the purpose of altimeter calibrations, aircraft design, performance calculations, etc. ” Property of Lear Siegler

29. 92” 53, 000 18, 000 Sea. Level Property of Lear Siegler 90% 50%

Standard Pressure Lapse Rate 7500’ 22. 42”Hg 5000’ 24. 92”Hg 4000’ 25. 92”Hg 3000’ 26. 92”Hg 2000’ 27. 92”Hg 1000’ 28. 92”Hg MSL 29. 92”Hg 1” Hg per 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler

Standard Temp Lapse Rate 7500’ 0°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C 2°C per 1000’ Property of Lear Siegler

AIR DENSITY 15°C 29. 92”Hg 23°C 28. 92”Hg 15°C 29. 92”Hg Property of Lear Siegler

AIR DENSITY Good Bad Press H L Temp L H Hum L H

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

B: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the pressures used in the pitot static system Condition: Given information about the pitot static system pressures MMMMOVING Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Static Pressure -- Weight of a column of air Dynamic Pressure – Additional pressure caused by air in motion Impact Pressure -- Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler

Stagnation point Property of Lear Siegler

Static pressure only Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Note: Impact = Ram = Total = Pitot Pressure Property of Lear Siegler

Construction of the Pitot System LEFT RIGHT HEATER STATIC VENTS PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

Construction of the Pitot System Notice that the Pitot Tube goes only to airspeed indicator! The Static Pressure is vented to all three instruments.

Construction of the Pitot System The diaphragm in the Airspeed Indicator is connected to the Pitot Tube. It only senses Pitot Pressure. The case is vented to Static Pressure.

Construction of the Pitot System The diaphragm in the Vertical Speed Indicator is vented to Static Pressure. The case is vented to Static Pressure through a calibrated leak.

Construction of the Pitot System The aneroids in the Altimeter are sealed. The case is vented to Static Pressure.

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

C: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information about the airspeed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

AIRSPEED INDICATOR Property of Lear Siegler

LEFT RIGHT STATIC VENTS PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

STATIC VENT PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

Property of Lear Siegler

Impact pressure = Static + Dynamic Property of Lear Siegler

? ? ? Property of Lear Siegler ?

D: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information on the uses of the airspeed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Uses for the airspeed indicator 1: Keep aircraft within “Never Exceed Speed" 2: Determine best operational speed for best climb, best endurance, and best range 3: Determine rate of movement for navigation 4: Aircraft attitude Airspeed fast-Pitch attitude low Airspeed low-Pitch attitude high Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

E: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with the airspeed indicator Condition: Given information about airspeed indicator errors Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

ERRORS Instrument Error – Minor, caused by friction Installation Error – Caused by misalignment of the pitot tube and/or the static vents with the relative wind Density Error – Caused by changes in air density Property of Lear Siegler

TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS) IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, CALIBRATED AIRSPEED (CAS) IS LESS THAN TAS. Property of Lear Siegler

CAS IS THE SAME, AIR IS LESS DENSE AT ALTITUDE, THEREFORE, TAS IS MORE THAN CAS AT ANY ALTITUDE ABOVE ZERO FEET DENSITY ALTITUDE. Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

F: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the types of airspeed Condition: Given information about types of airspeed Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Types of Airspeed IAS – Indicated Airspeed – read from the airspeed indicator CAS – Calibrated Airspeed – Indicated Airspeed corrected for installation error TAS – True Airspeed - Calibrated Airspeed corrected for density error Property of Lear Siegler

Airspeed Indicator in Review… Can you identify the pressures used, the errors and the types of airspeed? Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

G: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about the operation of the vertical speed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Vertical Speed Indicator Property of Lear Siegler

LEFT RIGHT STATIC VENTS PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

STATIC VENTS PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

Calibrated Leak Property of Lear Siegler

Calibrated Leak Property of Lear Siegler

Calibrated Leak Property of Lear Siegler

Calibrated Leak Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

H: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about the uses of the vertical speed indicator Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Uses of the vertical speed indicator 1: Determine rate of climb or descent 2: Trend instrument-shows attitude changes immediately when in level flight Property of Lear Siegler

Vertical Speed Indicator Preflight Check Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

I: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with use of the vertical speed indicator Condition: Given information about vertical speed indicator errors Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Errors of the vertical speed indicator 1: Six to nine second lag when leveling off from a climb or descent caused by the calibrated leak Property of Lear Siegler

Calibrated Leak Property of Lear Siegler

Calibrated Leak Property of Lear Siegler

Errors of the vertical speed indicator 1: Six to nine second lag when leveling off from a climb or descent caused by the calibrated leak 2: Erratic in rough air Property of Lear Siegler

Vertical Speed Indicator in Review… Can you identify the pressures used, the errors and preflight procedures? Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

J: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the operational characteristics of the altimeter Condition: Given information about the operational characteristics of the altimeter Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

ALTIMETER Property of Lear Siegler

LEFT RIGHT STATIC VENTS PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

STATIC VENTS PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

Aneroid wafers sealed at factory Property of Lear Siegler

Dial – three pointers

10, 000’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 2000’

1, 000’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 200’

100’ Indicator Tick marks in increments of 20’

1, 040’

8, 000’

18, 980’

Kollsman window – corrects for atmospheric pressure changes 28. 10”Hg to 31. 00”Hg

Set field elevation ATIS – “Altimeter setting three zero two four”

AIMS Counter Drum Pointer ATC Radar Beacon System Identification Friend or Foe MARK 12 SYSTEM

Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

K: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the uses of the altimeter Condition: Given information about the uses of the altimeter Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Uses of the altimeter Terrain clearance Vertical separation Attitude control Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

L: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the types of altitude Condition: Given information about the types of altitude Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Identify the types of altitude a. Indicated b. True c. Absolute d. Pressure (PA) e. Density (DA) Property of Lear Siegler

Indicated Altitude Read from instrument with correctly set Kollsman window (sea level pressure). Property of Lear Siegler

True Altitude – Altitude above Mean Sea level 1000’ MSL Property of Lear Siegler

Absolute Altitude– Altitude above the surface (AGL) MSL Property of Lear Siegler

Pressure Altitude (PA) – Altitude above the standard datum plane 1000’ MSL 29. 92 Standard datum plane Property of Lear Siegler

Standard Day Pressure Altitude True Altitude = 1000’ MSL Pressure Altitude 29. 92 Standard datum plane Property of Lear Siegler

Density Altitude (DA) : Is the density corresponding to a given altitude in a standard atmosphere. Max torque available, max gross weight, and performance are all affected by Density Altitude MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

Density Altitude (DA) : Pressure Altitude corrected for non standard temperature DA = PA + (120 Tv ) PA = Pressure Altitude Tv = Temperature Variation Property of Lear Siegler

Mean Sea Level (MSL) 7500’ 22. 42”Hg 0°C 5000’ 24. 92”Hg 5°C 4000’ 25. 92”Hg 7°C 3000’ 26. 92”Hg 9°C 2000’ 27. 92”Hg 11°C 1000’ 28. 92”Hg 13°C MSL 29. 92”Hg 15°C Property of Lear Siegler

2040’ PA 29. 92”Hg 15°C MSL Property of Lear Siegler 29. 92”Hg 32°C

2040’ 29. 92”Hg 15°C MSL Property of Lear Siegler 29. 92”Hg 32°C

PA = 0’ OAT = 36° DA = 2500’ Property of Lear Siegler

OAT = 5°C PA = 6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C OAT is Higher than standard DA is Higher than PA Property of Lear Siegler

6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C PA = 4000’ OAT = 5°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C OAT is Lower than standard DA is Lower than PA Property of Lear Siegler

6000’ 3°C DA = PA +120’ 5000’ 5°C 4000’ PA = 5000’ 7°C OAT 5°C OAT == 6°C 3000’ 9°C One hour later 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

M: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify the errors associated with the use of the altimeter Condition: Given information about altimeter errors Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Altimeter errors a. Instrument Error b. Pressure Error c. Temperature Error Property of Lear Siegler

Instrument Error Caused by friction inside instrument True Altitude 1000’ MSL Property of Lear Siegler Field Elevation

Instrument Error 30. 26 Maximum Error + / - 70 ft -30. 24 =. 02 = 20 foot error True Altitude “Altimeter three zero two four” 1000’ MSL 30. 24 hg” Property of Lear Siegler Field Elevation

Pressure Error – caused when flying into areas that have different altimeter settings than those set in the Kollsman window. Property of Lear Siegler

Pressure Error TRU E A LT IND ALT TRU E A LT Property of Lear Siegler

Temperature Error 28. 92 1000’ 28. 92 MSL 29. 92 Property of Lear Siegler Colder Warmer 29. 92 28. 92 Standard temp 1000’ MSL 29. 92

Pressure Error E A LT IND ALT 29. 92 Standard temp Warmer 28. 92 29. 92 Property of Lear Siegler TRU E A LT 28. 92 Colder 28. 92 TRU 29. 92

OAT = 20°C 6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ Indicated Altitude = 6000’ True Alt. is Higher than Indicated 7°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Property of Lear Siegler

6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C Indicated Altitude = 4000 OAT = 5°C True Altitude is lower than Indicated 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Property of Lear Siegler

6000’ 3°C Indicated Altitude = True altitude 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C Indicated Altitude = 5000’ OAT = 5°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

N: Enabling Learning Objective Action: Identify pitot static system malfunctions Condition: Given information about pitot static system malfunctions Standard: IAW FM 3 -04. 240 Property of Lear Siegler

Pitot Static System Malfunctions STATIC VENT Property of Lear Siegler PITOT TUBE

Pitot Static System Malfunctions STATIC VENT Property of Lear Siegler PITOT TUBE

Property of Lear Siegler

Pitot Static System Malfunctions STATIC VENT Property of Lear Siegler PITOT TUBE

Pitot Static System Malfunctions STATIC VENT Property of Lear Siegler PITOT TUBE

Altimeter – No change in indication

VSI – Level off at zero

Airspeed Indicator – opposite of clogged pitot tube Property of Lear Siegler

MMMMOVING Property of Lear Siegler

The end

STOP Abandon hope all ye who enter here You are entering the hidden slide Zone

CH 02 2 4 8. 20 TX MN GD

LEFT RIGHT HEATER STATIC VENTS PITOT TUBE Property of Lear Siegler

Standard temperatures OAT = 5°C PA = 6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Is the DA higher or lower than PA DA is Higher than PA Property of Lear Siegler

Standard temperatures 6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C PA = 4000’ OAT = 5°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Is the DA higher or lower than PA DA is lower than PA Property of Lear Siegler

Property of Lear Siegler

Temperature Error 28. 92 1000’ MSL 29. 92 Property of Lear Siegler Warmer Colder 29. 92 1000’ Standard temp 28. 92 MSL 29. 92

Standard temperatures OAT = 20°C 6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ Indicated Altitude = 6000’ True Alt. is Higher than Indicated 7°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Property of Lear Siegler

Standard temperatures 6000’ 3°C 5000’ 5°C 4000’ 7°C 3000’ 9°C 2000’ 11°C Indicated Altitude = 4000 OAT = 5°C True Altitude is lower than Indicated 1000’ 13°C MSL 15°C Property of Lear Siegler

Pressure Error TRU E A LT IND ALT TRU E A LT Property of Lear Siegler