Property of Lear Siegler AVIATION ROUTINE WEATHER REPORT

Property of Lear Siegler

AVIATION ROUTINE WEATHER REPORT (METAR) International code format for hourly surface weather observations - Issued every hour on the hour for hundreds of locations world wide - Contain the latest available weather information Property of Lear Siegler

PURPOSE TO PROVIDE THE PILOT WITH THE LATEST WEATHER CONDITIONS AT A DESTINATION, ALTERNATE OR ANY OTHER STATION Property of Lear Siegler

CONDITIONS REPORTED • Type of report • Station identifier (four letters) • Date and time of observation • Winds • Visibility • Precipitation and obscurations • Sky condition • Temperature and dew point • Altimeter setting • Remarks Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 1 Interpret the heading of a METAR report

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • TYPE REPORT • METAR -- ROUTINE HOURLY REPORT • SPECI -- SPECIAL WEATHER REPORT • COR -- CORRECTION TO PREVIOUS REPORT Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • STATION IDENTIFIER • KOZR -- Cairns AAF. • KMXF -- Maxwell AFB • KLSF -- Lawson AAF. • KBIX -- Keesler AFB. • KBKF -- Buckley • KFCS -- Butts AAF. • KFLV -- Sherman AAF. Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • DATE & TIME • All times in UTC ( ZULU) Z- 5 = CDT Z- 6 = CST Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 2 Interpret the wind information

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • SURFACE WIND • Wind direction in reference to TRUE north and is reported to the nearest 10°. • Wind speed is a 2 minute average reported to the nearest knot. • Calm wind is shown as 00000 KT. • VRB is used when direction is variable and speed is less than or equal to 6 knots. Example: VRB 05 KT Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 20015 KT 180 V 260 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • SURFACE WIND • Gust - fluctuations in wind speed of 10 kts or more between peaks and lulls. Example: 20015 G 25 KT • Varying. A “V” is used when wind varies 60° or more and the wind is greater than 6 KTS • Peak Wind. Peak wind is reported in remarks when instantaneous speed is greater than 25 knots. Example: RMK 22030/15 Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 3 Interpret the visibility information

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • PREVAILING VISIBILITY • Visibility - The greatest horizontal distance specified objects can be seen and identified. Reported in miles and fractions of miles. • Prevailing visibility - The greatest horizontal distance that specified objects can be seen over at least onehalf of the horizon, not necessarily continuous. Property of Lear Siegler

1/16 SM 1/2 SM 7/8 SM 3/8 SM Prevailing Visibility 1/2 SM Property of Lear Siegler

3/4 SM 11/2 SM 7/8 SM 1/2 SM Prevailing Visibility 7/8 SM Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • PREVAILING VISIBILITY • Variable visibility is explained in the remarks section • Sector Visibility RMK VIS N 2 Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • Runway Visual Range (RVR) - Only given when the prevailing visibility is 1 SM or less and/or the RVR value is 6000 FT or less. - R 06/ - 2400 FT Runway 06 plus L, C, or R Visibility, M 400 FT P 6000 FT - R 06 L/2000 V 4000 FT Variability KOZR 221736 Z 09009 KT 1 SM R 06/3500 VP 6000 FT +RA BR OVC 008 22/21 A 2999 RMK AO 2 A RAB 1714 SLP 155 $ Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT METAR KMXF 121455 Z 19006 KT 3/8 SM METAR KLSF 121455 Z 31010 KT 8 SM METAR KBIX 121455 Z 24012 G 23 KT 11/2 SM METAR KBKF 121455 Z 34012 KT 7 SM METAR KFCS 121452 Z 33008 KT 60 SM METAR KFLV 121455 Z 03004 KT 4 SM METAR KMIB 121455 Z 01024 KT 1/2 SM Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 Present Weather • Precipitation Intensity indicators Descriptors • Obscurations Descriptors • Other Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 E 47 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • PRECIPITATION SYMBOLS RA- rain SN- snow Note: The time precipitation DZ- drizzle began and/or ended will PL- ice pellets be shown in the remarks GR- hail section SG - snow grains GS- snow pellets IC- ice crystals UP- unknown precipitation Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ • INTENSITY INDICATORS LIGHT – MODERATE HEAVY NO SIGN + NOTE: INTENSITY INDICATORS APPLY TO THE FIRST PRECIPITATION SHOWN Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • DESCRIPTORS BC - PATCHES BL - BLOWING DR - LOW DRIFTING FZ - SUPERCOOLED/FREEZING MI - SHALLOW PR - PARTIAL SH - SHOWERS TS - THUNDERSTORM Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • OBSCURATIONS FG - FOG HZ - HAZE FU - SMOKE DU - DUST BR - MIST SA - SAND VA - VOLCANIC ASH PY - SPRAY Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • OTHER PO - DUST/SAND SWIRLS SQ - SQUALLS FC - FUNNEL CLOUD +FC - TORNADO SS - SANDSTORM DS - DUSTSTORM Property of Lear Siegler

INTENSITY DESC PRECIP DESC OBSC OTHER + _ BL DR SH TS FZ RA SN DZ PL GR SG GS IC UP BC BL DR FZ MI PR SHRA BC FG Property of Lear Siegler FG HZ FU DU BR SA VA PY SQ FC +FC SS DS PO

INTENSITY DESC PRECIP DESC OBSC OTHER + _ BL DR SH TS FZ RA SN DZ PL GR SG GS IC UP BC BL DR FZ MI PR SH RAGS MI FG Property of Lear Siegler FG HZ FU DU BR SA VA PY SQ FC +FC SS DS PO

INTENSITY DESC PRECIP DESC OBSC OTHER + _ BL DR SH TS FZ RA SN DZ PL GR SG GS IC UP BC BL DR FZ MI PR +TSRAPL BLPY Property of Lear Siegler FG HZ FU DU BR SA VA PY SQ FC +FC SS DS PO

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT -DZ METAR KMXF 121455 Z 19006 KT 3/8 SM -RA METAR KLSF 121455 Z 31010 KT 8 SM RA METAR KBIX 121455 Z 24012 G 23 KT 11/2 SM TSRA METAR KBKF 121455 Z 34012 KT 7 SM METAR KFCS 121452 Z 33008 KT 60 SM FZDZ METAR KFLV 121455 Z 03004 KT 4 SM -SN METAR KMIB 121455 Z 01024 KT 1/2 SM +SN Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 4 Interpret the ceiling information

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • SKY CONDITION • SKC/CLR • FEW - 1 to 2 Octas • SCT - 3 to 4 Octas • BKN - 5 to 7 Octas • OVC - 8 OCTAS Property of Lear Siegler

CEILING DEFINED AS THE LOWEST LAYER ALOFT REPORTED AS BROKEN OR OVERCAST. IF THE SKY IS TOTALLY OBSCURED, THE VERTICAL VISIBILITY SHALL BE THE CEILING. Property of Lear Siegler

3000 2000 1000 Observation 1000 2000 3000 point FEW 010 SCT 020 BKN 030 Ceiling 030 Property of Lear Siegler

3000 2000 1000 Observation 1000 2000 3000 point SCT 010 SCT 020 OVC 030 Ceiling 030 Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • SKY CONDITION • SKC/CLR • FEW - 1 to 2 Octas • SCT - 3 to 4 Octas • BKN - 5 to 7 Octas • OVC - 8 OCTAS • V V - Vertical Visibility • V VIII - height not available • BKN 000 - Partial Obscuration Property of Lear Siegler

SKC Property of Lear Siegler

CEILING- THE LOWEST LAYER REPORTED AS BROKEN OR OVERCAST. IF THE SKY IS TOTALLY OBSCURED, THE VERTICAL VISIBILITY SHALL BE THE CEILING.

Vertical Visibility: 1. The distance that the observer can see vertically into an indefinite ceiling. IF THE SKY IS TOTALLY OBSCURED, THE 2. The height corresponding to the top of a ceiling light VERTICAL VISIBILITY SHALL BE THE CEILING. projector beam. 3. The height at which a ceiling balloon completely disappears. EXAMPLE: VV 004 “ Indefinite Ceiling 400 feet” Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • PARTIAL OBSCURATIONS • FEW 000 - 1/8 to 2/8 sky obscured - Few clouds less than 50 ft • SCT 000 - 3/8 to 4/8 sky obscured Scattered clouds less than 50 ft • BKN 000 - 5/8 to 7/8 sky obscured Broken clouds less than 50 ft Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 5 Interpret the surface temperature and dewpoint information

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • TEMPERATURE / DEWPOINT • In Celsius M for Minus • 2 Degree spread for saturation • If temperature missing, group is omitted • If dew point missing, only temp shown Ex: 17/ Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KBKF 121455 Z 34012 KT 7 SM CLR 2/M 4 METAR KFCS 121452 Z 33008 KT 60 SM FZDZ SCT 150 BKN 250 M 3/M 7 METAR KFLV 121455 Z 03004 KT 4 SM -SN HZ OVCOO 6 M 27/M 28 METAR KMIB 121455 Z 01024 KT 1/2 SM +SN BLSN OVC 040 M 21/M 22

ELO 6 Interpret altimeter setting information

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • ALTIMETER SETTING • A 2982 Inches of Mercury Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 7 Interpret the remarks contained a a METAR report

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • Partial Obscurations (and their causes) • FG FEW 000, HZ SCT 000, VA BKN 000 Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • VARIABLE CEILING HEIGHT - CIG BKN 025 V OVC • VARIABLE SKY CONDITION -SCT 025 V BKN • VARIABLE PREVAILING VISIBILITY – VIS 3/4 V 1 1/2

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • BEGINNING AND ENDING • TSB 20 E 44, RAE 50, SNB 41 E 54

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • HZALQDS • CIGRGD • SVR DWNDFTS NR MTNS • CB EBDD IN OVC • CB W MOV E, TCU OHD • SHRA U SE Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE SLP 963 = 996. 3 SLP 132 = 1013. 2 SLP 866 = 986. 6 SLP 170 = 1017. 0 SLP 996 = 999. 6 Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • TEMP / DEWPOINT IN TENTHS – Positive Temperatures prefixed with “ 0” – Negative Temperatures prefixed with “ 1” T 01660156 x x Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 8 Decode / interpret a METAR report

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • A 01 • A 02 Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • • • LTG CC CG CA IC LTGICCC Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • • LTG OCNL - Occasional FRQ - Frequent CONS - Continuous FRQ LTGCC NE, CONS LTGCG SW Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • DSNT - Distant, 10 to 30 SM from station • VC – Vicinity, within 5 to 10 SM from station • OHD - Overhead Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 • REMARKS • THUNDERSTORM LOCATION TS OHD MOV N, TS DSNT S MOV N • HAILSTONE SIZE GR 1 3/4 • VIRGA SW • PRESSURE RISING / FALLING RAPIDLY PRESRR, PRESFR Property of Lear Siegler

METAR KOZR 121455 Z 18005 KT 1/2 SM R 06/2400 FT DZ FG FEW 000 OVC 035 17/16 A 2942 RMK VIS 1/8 V 3/4 DZB 27 FG FEW 000 SLP 963 T 01660156 METAR KMXF 121455 Z 19006 KT 3/8 SM -RA FGHZ VV 003 18/18 A 2984 RMK RAB 40 SLP 105 T 0183 METAR KLSF 121455 Z 31010 KT 8 SM RA VV 007 17/15 A 2987 RMK RAB 10 E 15 B 25 T 01680146 METAR KBIX 121455 Z 24012 G 23 KT 11/2 SM TSRAGR SCT 020 BKN 030 20/17 A 3003 RMK TSB 40 GRB 50 CIG 028 V 032 SLP 210 T 02000167 Property of Lear Siegler

Safety First… “A weather observation is only useful to the extent that the pilot understands it. ”

FM 1 -230 References for today • METARs Appendix B

FM 1 -230 References for tomorrow… • Surface Analysis Chart 18 -4 • Weather Depiction Chart 18 -5 • Radar Summary 18 -8

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