Propaganda Propaganda Learning Targets 1 Students will be

Propaganda

Propaganda • Learning Targets: 1. Students will be able to synthesize definitions of propaganda to create their own definition. 2. Students will be able to identify and evaluate various propaganda techniques. 3. Students will be able to connect rhetoric and propaganda.

What is Synthesis? • Synthesis is where students put the parts they’ve learned together into a whole to create a new meaning or structure.

How will we use synthesis to learn about propaganda? • We will look at propaganda techniques! • We will look at different definitions of propaganda! • We will look at specific examples of propaganda!

Why is propaganda hard to define? • “All this will indicate that there is a lot of difficulty in working out any formal definition of propaganda. Most students of the subject agree that propaganda has to do with any ideas and beliefs that are intentionally propagated. They agree also that it attempts to reach a goal by making use of words and word substitutes (pictures, drawings, graphs, exhibits, parades, songs, and similar devices). Moreover, although it is used in controversial situations, most experts agree that it is also used to promote noncontroversial, or generally acceptable, ideas. Types of propaganda range from the selfish, deceitful, and subversive to the honest and aboveboard promotional effort. It can be concealed or open, emotional or containing appeals to reason, or a combination of emotional and logical appeals. ”

Etymology • propaganda (n) • 1718, “committee of cardinals in charge of Catholic missionary work, ” short for Congregatio de Propaganda Fide “congregation for propagating the faith, ” a committee of cardinals established 1622 by Gregory XV to supervise foreign missions. The word is properly the ablative feminine gerundive of Latin propagare. Hence, “any movement to propagate some practice or ideology” (1790). Modern political sense dates from World War I, not originally pejorative. Meaning “material or information propagated to advance a cause, etc” is from 1929.

Propaganda Technique #1: “Bandwagon” • an appeal to the subject to follow the crowd, to join in because others are doing so as well. Bandwagon propaganda is, essentially, trying to convince the viewer that one side is the preferable or better option, because more people have joined it.

Propaganda Technique #2: “Assertion” • an enthusiastic or energetic statement presented as a fact, although it is not necessarily true. Often implies that the statement requires no explanation or back up, but that it should merely be accepted without question.

Propaganda Technique #3: “Name Calling” • the use of derogatory language or words that carry a negative connotation when describing an opponent, alternate idea, or enemy. The propaganda attempts to arouse prejudice among the public by labeling the target as something that the public dislikes. Commonly used in politics. • AKA “ad hominem argument/attack”

Checkpoint One • Based off the three propaganda techniques, and what you already knew, what is propaganda? • What do you notice about the examples so far?

Propaganda Technique #4: “Plain folks” • an attempt by the propagandist to convince the public that their views reflect those of the common person and that they are also working for the benefit of the common person. • the propagandist, especially during speeches, may attempt to increase the illusion through imperfect pronunciation, stuttering, and a more limited vocabulary. Errors such as these help add to the impression of sincerity and spontaneity.

Propaganda Technique #5: “Glittering Generalities” • Glittering generalities are words (or short phrases) that have different positive meaning for individual people, but are linked to highly valued concepts and ideas. • When these words are used, they demand approval without thinking, simply because such an important concept is involved. For example, when a person is asked to do something in "defense of democracy" they are more likely to agree. • What words do you think would be highly valued by Americans? List 8.

Propaganda Technique #6: “Lesser of two evils” • tries to convince viewers of an idea or proposal by presenting it as the least bad option, among many bad choices. • This technique is often implemented during wartime to convince people of the need for sacrifices or to justify difficult decisions. This technique is often accompanied by adding blame on an enemy country or political group. One idea or proposal is often depicted as one of the only options or paths.

Checkpoint TWO • Based off the three propaganda techniques, and what you already knew, what is propaganda? Add detail!

Propaganda Technique #7 a: “Card Stacking” • only presenting information that is positive to an idea or proposal and omitting information contrary to it. Card stacking is used in almost all forms of propaganda, and is extremely effective in convincing the public. • Although the majority of information presented by the card stacking approach is true, it is dangerous because it omits important information. • Also: Only presenting the pros and not the cons.

Propaganda Technique #7 b: “Misleading numbers” • involves the advertiser using numbers or statistics that aren't always valid or are manipulated in various ways. The numbers presented aren't pure lies, however, sometimes they are presented in certain ways which cause them to be interpreted differently than they should be.