Prokaryotes Classification of Bacteria Archaea AP Biology Chapters

Prokaryotes: Classification of Bacteria & Archaea AP Biology Chapters 25 – 35 2010 -2011

Finding commonality in variety § Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species u domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species use the mnemonic! AP Biology Solar System Earth No. America U. S. N. Y. L. I. Nassau Co. Levittown

Eukaryote Classification § Old 5 Kingdom system Prokaryote § Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals § New 3 Domain system u reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence § Prokaryote: Bacteria § Prokaryote: Archaebacteria § Eukaryotes w Protists w Plants w Fungi w Animals AP Biology Archaebacteria & Bacteria

Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom AP Biology. Fungi Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Protist Kingdom Plant Kingdom Animal

The Evolutionary Perspective AP Biology

Kingdoms Fungi Animalia absorptive nutrition ingestive nutrition Plantae autotrophs heterotrophs Protista uni- to multicellular Eubacteria multicellular Archaebacteria prokaryotes AP Biology Single-celled ancestor eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria AP Biology Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya 2007 -2008 Common ancestor

Bacteria live EVERYWHERE! § Bacteria live in all ecosystems on plants & animals u in the soil u in depths of the oceans Microbes always u in extreme cold find a way to make a living! u in extreme hot u in extreme salt u on the living u on the dead u AP Biology

Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My! AP Biology

eukaryote cell Prokaryote Structure § Unicellular u prokaryote cell bacilli, cocci, spirilli § Size u 1/10 size of eukaryote cell § 1 micron (1 um) § Internal structure u no internal compartments § no membrane-bound organelles § only ribosomes u AP Biology circular chromosome, naked DNA § not wrapped around proteins

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome Prokaryote Eukaryote double helix AP Biology

mitochondria Variations in Cell Interior cyanobacterium (photosythetic) bacterium aerobic bacterium chloroplast inter na for p l memb rane hoto s s like a ch ynthesis (thyl loroplas t akoi ds) AP Biology nes a r b em m l a on n i t r a e t r i in sp ion e r r d r n fo cho o t i m a e) e a t k s li i (cr

Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure Gram-positive bacteria peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane That’s important for your doctor to know! protein peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides Gram-negative bacteria cell wall outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides outer membrane peptidoglycan AP Biology plasma membrane

Prokaryotic metabolism § How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? u photoautotrophs § photosynthetic bacteria u chemoautotrophs § oxidize inorganic compounds w nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… u heterotrophs § live on plant & animal matter § decomposers & pathogens AP Biology

Genetic variation in bacteria § Mutations u bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes § binary fission u error rate in copying DNA § 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation § you have billions of E. coli in your gut! w lots of mutation potential! § Genetic recombination u bacteria swap genes § plasmids w small supplemental circles of DNA § conjugation AP Biology conjugation w direct transfer of DNA

Bacteria as pathogens § Disease-causing microbes u plant diseases § wilts, fruit rot, blights u animal diseases § § § § AP Biology tooth decay, ulcers anthrax, botulism plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia typhoid, cholera TB, pneumonia lyme disease

Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) § Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria u decomposers § recycling of nutrients from dead to living u nitrogen fixation § only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere w needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids w plant root nodules u digest cellulose (E. coli) § digest cellulose for herbivores w cellulase enzyme § produce vitamins K & B 12 for humans u produce foods & medicines § from yogurt to insulin AP Biology

Got any Questions? ? Ask da’ Bacterial Boss! AP Biology 2010 -2011