PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Structural context Newfragile democracy Poor

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Structural context New/fragile democracy Poor citizenship Large economic/social differences Large political differences x policy decisions Myth of roads as democratic per se Privatization of public space Building of “middle class cities”

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Current conditions (SPMA) Institucional: uncoordinated actions/conflict Economic: lack of public resources? Political: strong political power at local level no clear metropolitan power Technical: low-quality transport services Environmental: severe threats

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Current mobility conditions (SPMA) Mobility ratio - 1: 2. 5 (low - high income) Immobility in low-income families: 50% (work/school trips only) Poor accessibility to PT (monetary-physical) High congestion/pollution/accidents

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PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Bus speeds PM: 12 km/h Excess cost for buses due to congestion: 16%

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Comparative costs of a 10 -km urban trip by 3 modes Time/cost Trip time (minutes) Walking time (both ends) Waiting time Transport mode Bus Auto Moto 12 2 2 6 0 0 Running time 25 18 14 Total time 43 20 16 1. 2 1. 8 0. 6 Direct cost (R$)

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Impact of transfering bus passengers to/from other modes Change (%) for a change in demand of 20% to auto 20% to moto 10% to auto + 10% to moto Gasoline 32 16 24 -19, 0 Local Pollutants 17 54 35 -10, 4 Total Energy 15 4 10 -8, 5 Transport cost 11 5 8 -5, 8 Road area 13 8 10 -7, 6 Item 20% back to bus

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Impact of transfering bus passengers to/from modes

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Policy assumptions Democracy/transparency are key issues Roads are public assets PT is a public service There are several competing demands Equity and/or efficiency?

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO The sustainability issue Environmental, economic and social How to balance all three? From ¨problem¨ to ¨issue¨: who supports? Sustainability for whom?

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Proposals 1) Structural • enhance/protect democracy • promote discussion on the issues • reduce educational/income disparities • control and change urban growth • ensure institutional/policy coordination • recapture roads as public assets

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Technical and operational Main characteristics to analyse Political support x conflicts How social groups and classes see proposals Costs – public and private Time to implement: short, medium, long Operational viability Effectiveness: low, medium, high

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO 2) Technical and operational Ensure good traffic management (viable, low-cost, short-term, highly effective, high support) Reduce emissions • Restrictions for new vehicles trucks/motorcycles/buses • Mandatory inspections • On-street emission control (trucks)

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO New NMT and public transport systems • Friendly and customized services • High quality and less pollutant vehicles (CNG, hybrid, hydrogen) • Modern control technologies • Effective priority: bus lanes and corridors • Integration and information • High quality NMT: infrastructure, signing, comfort

PROJETO TRANSPORTE HUMANO Automobile use • Increase property taxes and parking costs • Restrictions ¨Even-odd¨ schemes (limited) Area restrictions (urban consequences) Road charging (equity/control problems)