Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course PMBOK 4

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Project Quality Management Definition A subset of project management that includes the processes and activities of the performing organization that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 189 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 “The degree to which an inherent set of characteristics fulfills requirements. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, Glossary © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 The Project Quality Management approach is intended to be compatible with that of: · · · International Organization for Standards (ISO) Proprietary approaches to quality management such as those recommended by Deming, Juran, Crosby, and others Non-proprietary approaches such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), design reviews, Voice of the Customer (VOC), Cost of Quality (COQ), and continuous improvement PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 190 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Terms & Miscellaneous Facts Total Quality Management A system of continuous improvement employing participative management and centered on the needs of customers. (TQM) Six Sigma is a method or set of techniques, used for business process improvement. It is a quality measurement and improvement program originally developed by Motorola that focuses on the control of a process to the point of ± six sigma (standard deviations) from a centerline or 3. 4 defects per million items. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) A systematic way of examining a design for possible ways in which failure can occur. It assumes that no matter how knowledgeable or careful people are, errors will occur in some situations. Design Review A review of the layout or basic technical design of the project’s product before work to create the final product begins. Voice of the Customer (VOC) A planning technique used to provide products, services, and results that truly reflect customer requirements by translating those customer requirements into the appropriate technical requirements for each phase of project product development (from PMBo. K 4 th ed) Cost of Quality (COQ) A method of determining the total costs related to quality throughout the product life cycle. These costs include prevention and appraisal costs as well as failure costs A quality philosophy that assumes further improvements are always possible and that Continuous Improvement processes should be continuously reevaluated and improvements implemented © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 5

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Terms & Miscellaneous Facts (cont’d) “Understanding, evaluating, defining, and managing expectations so that customer requirements are met. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 191 Customer Satisfaction Requires: conforming to requirements (producing what you are supposed to produce) ensuring fitness for use (the product/service satisfies the real needs) Management Responsibility “Success requires the participation of all members of the project team, but remains the responsibility of management to provide the resources needed to succeed. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 191 Marginal Analysis Optimal quality is reached at the specific point where incremental gain from improvement equals the incremental cost to secure it. Impact of Poor Quality Poor quality could lead to increased costs, low morale, unsatisfied customers, loss or reputation, rework, increased risk, schedule delays, and decreased productivity. Gold Plating Adding more to the system than specified in the requirements. It can increase operation and maintenance costs and reduce quality. Gold plating indicates project processes are out of control. Gold plating can also be accomplished by adding unnecessary requirements. © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 6

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Quality and Grade are not the same. Quality – Comparison to requirements: “the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements. ” International Organization for Standardization. 2005. ISO 9000. Quality Management Systems – Fundamentals and Vocabulary. Geneva: ISO Pres Grade: “a category or rank used to distinguish items that have the same functional use, but do not share the same requirements for quality. ” International Organization for Standardization. 1994. ISO 8402. Quality Management and Quality Assurance. Geneva: ISO Press (Withdrawn 2000) © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 7

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Precision: “the values of repeated measurements are clustered and have little scatter. ” Accuracy: “the measured value is very close to the true value. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 190 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Project Quality is best defined as: a) b) c) d) Eliminating any and all rework The degree to which the project approaches six sigma Meeting or exceeding the customer’s expectations The degree to which the project meets requirements © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 9

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1 Plan Quality 8. 2 Perform Quality Assurance 8. 3 Perform Quality Control © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1 Plan Quality Project Management Process Groups Knowledge Area 8. Project Quality Management Initiating - Planning 8. 1 Plan Quality Executing Monitoring & Controlling Closing 8. 2 Perform Quality Assurance 8. 3 Perform Quality Control - © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1 Plan Quality Definition: “The process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and product, and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 192 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 1 Plan Quality Inputs Describes the need, justification, requirements, etc. , for the project and is inclusive of the following: Scope Statement: contains the description of services, list of deliverables, acceptance criteria, and important information regarding technical issues that could impact cost estimating 8. 1. 1. 1 Scope Baseline WBS: provides the relationship among all the components of the project and deliverables WBS Dictionary: provides detailed statements of work that provide an identification of the deliverables and a description of the work within each WBS component required to produce each deliverable 8. 1. 1. 2 Stakeholder Register Identifies stakeholders with a particular interest in, or impact on, quality 8. 1. 1. 3 Schedule Baseline Documents the accepted schedule performance measures, including start and finish dates © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 13

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 1 Plan Quality Inputs (cont’d) 8. 1. 1. 4 Cost Performance Baseline Documents the accepted time phase used to measure cost performance 8. 1. 1. 5 Risk Register Contains information on threats and opportunities that may impact quality requirements 8. 1. 1. 6 Enterprise Environmental Factors in the project’s environment that affect the project. Organizational culture, infrastructure, tools, human resources, personnel policies, marketplace conditions, government agency regulations, rules, standards, laws, and guidelines specific to the application area or industry all may have some influence on the project 8. 1. 1. 7 Organizational Process Organizational quality policies, procedures, guidelines, lessons learned, Assets historical databases, and culture may affect the project © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 14

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 2 Plan Quality Tools and Techniques The primary benefits of meeting quality requirements include: ● less rework ● higher productivity 8. 1. 2. 1 Cost-Benefit Analysis ● lower costs ● increased stakeholder satisfaction The primary cost is the expense associated with project quality management activities Includes all costs incurred over the life of the product including preventive and appraising activities, rework, and failure costs ● Cost of Conformance 8. 1. 2. 2 Cost of Quality (COQ) ● Prevention Costs ● Appraisal Costs ● Cost of Non-conformance ● Internal Failure Costs ● External Failure Costs © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 15

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 2 Plan Quality Tools and Techniques 8. 1. 2. 3 Control Charts (cont'd) “A graphic display of process data over time and against established control limits, and that has a centerline that assists in detecting a trend of plotted values towards either control limit. ” PMBo. K® Guide, Fourth Edition, Glossary Upper Specification Limit Upper Control Limit 3 standard deviations 2 standard deviations 1 standard deviation Average/Mean Lower Control Limit 1 standard deviation 2 standard deviations 3 standard deviations Lower Specification Limit © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 16

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 2 Plan Quality Tools and Techniques (cont’d) “Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of comparable projects to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 197 8. 1. 2. 4 Benchmarking 8. 1. 2. 5 “A statistical method for identifying which factors may influence specific Design of variables of a product or process under development or in production. ” Experiments (DOE) PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 197 8. 1. 2. 6 While sampling is not done in planning, you need to consider sample sizes Statistical Sampling and impact of sampling (e. g. : number of tests, expected scrap, etc. ) while developing the plan 8. 1. 2. 7 “A graphical representation of a process showing the relationship among process steps…. . show activities, decision points, and the order of processing…. can help the project team anticipate problems that might occur. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 198 Flowcharting © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 17

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 2 Plan Quality Tools and Techniques 7. (cont’d) Flowcharting PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 199 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 18

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 2 Plan Quality: Tools and Techniques (cont’d) Includes: · Brainstorming 8. 1. 2. 8 Proprietary Quality Management Methodologies · · Six Sigma Lean Six Sigma Quality Function Deployment CMMI PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 199 8. 1. 2. 9 Additional Quality Planning Tools · · · Brainstorming Affinity Diagrams Force Field Analysis Nominal Group Techniques Matrix Diagrams Prioritization Matrices PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 199 -200 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 19

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 3 Plan Quality Outputs 8. 1. 3. 1 8. 1. 3. 2 8. 1. 3. 3 Quality Management Plan “The quality management plan describes how the project management team will implement the performing organization’s quality policy. ” Quality Metrics “A quality metric is an operational definition that describes, in very specific terms, a project or product attribute and how the quality control process will measure it. ” Quality Checklists “A checklist is a structured tool, usually component-specific, used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 200 -201 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 20

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 1. 3 Plan Quality Outputs (cont’d) “The process improvement plan details the steps for analyzing processes to identify activities which enhance their value. ” The Process Improvement Plan includes the following: 8. 1. 3. 4 Process Improvement Plan 8. 1. 3. 5 Project Document Updates · Process boundaries – describe the purpose, start and end of processes, their inputs and outputs, data required, and the process owner and stakeholders · Process configuration – a graphic depiction of processes, with interfaces defined, used to facilitate analysis. · Process metrics – along with control limits, allows analysis of process efficiency · Targets for improved performance – guides the process improvement activities PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 201 Organizational quality policies, procedures, guidelines, lessons learned, historical databases, and culture may affect the project © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 21

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Practice Question Which of the following is not a Plan Quality Tool or Technique? a) Cost of Quality (COQ) b) Benchmarking c) Quality Metrics d) Design of Experiments (DOE) © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 22

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 2 Perform Quality Assurance Project Management Process Groups Knowledge Area Initiating 8. Project Quality Management - Planning 8. 1 Plan Quality Executing Monitoring & Controlling Closing 8. 2 Perform Quality Assurance 8. 3 Perform Quality Control - © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 23

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 2 Perform Quality Assurance Definition: “The process of auditing the quality requirements and the results from quality control measurements to ensure appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 201 PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 202 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 24

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 2. 1 Perform Quality Assurance Inputs 8. 2. 1. 1 Project Management Plan Described in Section 4. 2. 3. 1 · Quality management plan – describes how quality assurance will be performed · Process improvement plan – details the steps for analyzing processes to identify activities which enhance their value 8. 2. 1. 2 Quality Metrics Described in Section 8. 1. 3. 2 8. 2. 1. 3 Work performance information 8. 2. 1. 4 Quality Control Measurements · · Technical performance measures Project deliverable status Schedule progress Costs incurred Described in Section 8. 3. 3. 1 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 25

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 2. 2 Perform Quality Assurance Tools and Techniques 8. 2. 2. 1 Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control Described in Sections 8. 1. 2 and 8. 3. 2 Tools and Techniques 8. 2. 2. 2 Quality Audits “A quality audit is a structured, independent review to determine whether project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures” 8. 2. 2. 3 Process Analysis “Process analysis follows the steps outlined in the process improvement plan to identify needed improvements” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 204 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 26

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 2. 3 Perform Quality Assurance Outputs Organizational Process Assets Updates Including the quality standards 8. 2. 3. 2 Change Requests · Requests to increase effectiveness and/or efficiency of policies, processes, and procedures of the performing organization · Used as input into the Perform Integrated Change Control process (section 4. 5) 8. 2. 3. 3 Project Management Plan Updates Quality, schedule, and cost management plans, in particular 8. 2. 3. 1 · Quality audits reports 8. 2. 3. 4 Project Document Updates · Training plans · Process documentation © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 27

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Quality control measurements are an output of ____ and an input of _____. a) Perform Quality Assurance, Perform Quality Control b) Perform Quality Control, Perform Quality Assurance c) Perform Quality Control, Quality Planning d) Quality Planning, Perform Quality Assurance © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 28

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Project Management Process Groups Knowledge Area Initiating 8. Project Quality Management - Planning 8. 1 Plan Quality Executing Monitoring & Controlling Closing 8. 2 Perform Quality Assurance 8. 3 Perform Quality Control - © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 29

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Definition: “The process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 206 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 30

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 1 Perform Quality Control Inputs 8. 3. 1. 1 Project Management Plan Described in Section 4. 2. 3. 1 8. 3. 1. 2 Quality Metrics Described in Section 8. 1. 3. 2 8. 3. 1. 3 Quality Checklists Described in Section 8. 1. 3. 3 Evaluate actual progress as compared to planned progress May include: 8. 3. 1. 4 Work Performance Measurements · Planned vs. Actual Scheduled Performance · Planned vs. Actual Technical Performance · Planned vs. Actual Cost Performance © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 31

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 1 Perform Quality Control Inputs (cont’d) Part of the Perform Integration Change Control status updates indicate approved and unapproved changes. 8. 3. 1. 5 Approved Change Requests 8. 3. 1. 6 Deliverables May include: • • • Defect repair Revised work methods and Revised schedule Defined in Integration (4. 3. 3. 1), the deliverables are the items whose quality you are checking during Perform Quality Control May include: 8. 3. 1. 7 Organizational Process Assets • • • Quality Standards and Policies Standard Work Guidelines Issue and Defect reporting procedures and communication policies © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 32

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 2. 1 Perform Quality Control Tools and Techniques Cause and Effect Diagram “Cause and effect diagrams, also called Ishikawa diagrams or fishbone diagrams, illustrate how various factors might be linked to potential problems or effects. ” PMBo. K® Guide, Fourth Edition, p. 208 PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 208 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 33

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 2 Perform Quality Control Tools and Techniques (cont’d) 8. 3. 2. 2 Control Charts Described in Section 8. 1. 2. 3 8. 3. 2. 3 Flowcharting Described in Section 8. 1. 2. 7 Histogram A vertical bar chart showing a distribution of variables where each column represents an attribute or characteristic of a problem/situation, and the height of the column represents the relative frequency of the characteristic 8. 3. 2. 4 PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 210 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 34

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 2. 5 Perform Quality Control Tools and Techniques (cont’d) Pareto Chart “A histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence, that shows how many results were generated by each identified cause. ” PMBo. K® Guide, Fourth Edition, p. 210 PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 211 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 35

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 2. 6 8. 3. 2. 7 Perform Quality Control Tools and Techniques (cont’d) Run Chart A Run Chart shows the history and pattern of variation. A run chart is a line graph that shows data points plotted in the order in which they occur. Primarily used in trend analysis which involves mathematical techniques to forecast future outcomes based on historical results. Most often used to analyze: · Technical performance · Cost and schedule performance Scatter Diagram “A scatter diagram shows the relationship between two variables. This tool allows the quality team to study and identify the possible relationship between changes observed in two variables. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, p. 211 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 36

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 2 Perform Quality Control Tools and Techniques (cont’d) Statistical Sampling Described in Section 8. 1. 2. 6 8. 3. 2. 9 Inspection The examination of a work product or defect repair to determine whether it conforms to documented standards. Also called reviews, peer reviews, audits, or walkthroughs. 8. 3. 2. 10 Approved Change Requests Review Verify changes were implemented as approved 8. 3. 2. 8 © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 37

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 3 Perform Quality Control Outputs 8. 3. 3. 1 Quality control measurements Represent the results of QC activities that are fed back to QA to reevaluate and analyze standards and processes 8. 3. 3. 2 Validated changes Described in Section 8. 1. 3. 2 8. 3. 3. 3 Validated deliverables Confirming the correctness of the deliverables. An input to Verify Scope (5. 4. 1. 4) formalized acceptance. 8. 3. 3. 4 Organizational process assets updates · · Completed checklists (4. 1. 1. 5) “Lessons Learned” documentation © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 38

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3. 3 Perform Quality Control Outputs 8. 3. 3. 5 Change requests (cont’d) Issued if the recommended corrective or preventive actions or a defect repair requires a change to the project management plan In particular: 8. 3. 3. 6 8. 3. 3. 7 Project Management Plan updates · Quality management plan · Process improvement plan Project documentation May include Quality Standards documentation updates © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 39

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Terms & Miscellaneous Facts Preventive Action Corrective Action Defect Repair Keep things from going bad Things are trending bad Things went bad © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 40

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Terms & Miscellaneous Facts (cont’d) Trend Analysis is a mathematical technique used to forecast future outcomes based on historical results Probability The likelihood that something will occur, usually expressed as a decimal, fraction or scale from 0 to 1 Mutual Exclusivity Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur in a single trial Normal Distribution The most common probability density distribution chart. It is in the shape of a bell curve and is used to measure variations © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 41

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Terms & Miscellaneous Facts (cont’d) Statistical Independence The probability of one event occurring does not affect the probability of another event occurring Standard Deviation (sigma) A measure of a range is its standard deviation. Distance from the mean is taken on both sides +/- 3 sigma = 99. 73% +/- 6 sigma = 99. 99985% Upper and Lower Control Limits The acceptable range of variation of a process often shown as two dashed lines on a control chart Assigned Cause / Special Cause Variation A data point or rule of seven that requires investigation to determine the cause of the variation © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 42

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Terms & Miscellaneous Facts (cont’d) Rule of Seven A heuristic that refers to non-random data points grouped together in a series on one side of the mean. Indicates that the process is out of control Mean A line in the middle of the control chart that shows the middle of the range of acceptable variation of the process Specification Limits Represent the customer’s expectations or contractual requirements for performance and quality. To meet specification limits, the control limits must be stricter than the specification limits Out of Control Occurs when a data point falls outside of the upper and lower control limit or rule of seven. Lack of consistency and predictability of the process © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 43

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Terms & Miscellaneous Facts (cont’d) Project teams should know these differences: Prevention vs. (Keeping errors out of the process) Attribute Sampling (Keeping errors out of the hands of the customer) vs. (Result conforms or does not) Special Causes (Results fall within specific range) Variable Sampling (Result rated on continuous scale to measure degree of conformity) vs. (Unusual events) Tolerances Inspection Random Causes (Normal process variation) vs. Control Limits (Results fall within control limit) © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 44

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 8. 3 Perform Quality Control Terms & Miscellaneous Facts (cont’d) 1) A Standard: “document that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context. ” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, Glossary 2) Regulations: “requirements imposed by a government body” PMBo. K® Guide, 4 th Edition, Glossary © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 45

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Which Quality Control Tool or Technique is used to prioritize potential causes of problems? a) Cause & Effect Diagram b) Run Chart c) Pareto Diagram d) Histogram © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 46

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Traditional Thinking: Human beings make mistakes and errors are inevitable. The cost to secure zero defects would be significantly greater than the value of achieving "perfection. “ Joseph Juran: A "breakthrough" is the accomplishment of any improvement that takes the organization to unprecedented levels of performance. Defined Quality as “fitness of use”. Phillip Cosby: Popularized the concept of the cost of poor quality, zero defects, advocated prevention over inspection and said “Quality is free”. W. Edwards Deming: Advocated “Plan-Do-Check-Act” cycle. © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 47

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Taguchi Method: Uses statistical techniques to compute a "loss function" to determine the cost of producing products that fail to achieve target value. Used to estimate the loss associated with controlling or failing to control process variability. Based on principle that by carefully selecting design parameters to produce robust design, an organization can produce products that are more forgiving and tolerant. Helps determine the value or break-even point of improving a process to reduce variability. Constancy of Purpose: Should be provided by Top Management and infused throughout the organization. Requires a shared belief among organization members. Quality Assurance and Control are performed by everyone. © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 48

Project Quality Management PMP Prep Course – PMBOK 4 th Edition – Version 2. 0 Study Chapter 8 in the PMBo. K Study Chapter 8 in Rita’s Book Take practice tests until you can consistently score 80+ Read additional material on relevant subjects Take the exam relatively soon after the exam prep classes © 2010 Long Island Chapter of the Project Management Institute ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 49