Prohibition No More Alcohol 1920 1933 th 18

Prohibition “No More Alcohol” 1920 -1933 th 18 A. K. A. The Amendment & the Volstead Act.

Before Prohibition th n 16 Amendment n U. S. Congress passed the federal income tax. Tax is now be collected from every working American. n The income tax was created to enable the federal government to ban alcohol sales without having enormous losses in tax revenue. n Before the 16 th Amendment tax revenue from alcohol made up about 70% of total taxes collected by the U. S. federal government.

th 18 amendment n No person shall sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act. n Exceptions: - “near” beer (. 05%) - Industrial alcohol - Patent medicines - Sacramental wine - Flavoring extracts - Toilet preparations - Vinegar - Syrups - Dr. prescriptions - Cider (no more than 1 pint/10 days)

Volstead Act, formally National Prohibition Act, U. S. law enacted in 1919 (and taking effect in 1920) to provide enforcement for the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Why support the n Regulate th 18 ? people’s behavior by force n Better health n Increased morality (and religiousness) n Solve problems of delinquency n Solve problems of poverty, prostitution, political corruptness

Who’s Against it? The Women’s Christian Temperance Union n The WCTU fought for prohibition and progressive reform. n Focused on suffrage, the 8 -hour work day, prison reform, and the Social Gospel.

Who’s Against it? n The Anti-Saloon League n The League focused only on the legal prohibition of alcoholic beverages. n Printed anti-drinking pamphlets, and appealed to church members for support

Who’s Against it? n Carrie Nation: The Saloon Smasher n Member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. n Known for bursting into barrooms, wielding a hatchet or hammer, and smashing the saloon. n Between 1900 and 1910, Nation was arrested some thirty times for her aggressive tactics. n Do you think Carrie Nation's tactics were justified? Why or why not?

Impacts of Prohibition n MOONSHINE: Other names include: hooch, mountain dew and White lightening. This is high-poof distilled spirits which are produced illegally. Today. Appalachian area of the country n BOOTLEGGING: The illegal business of transporting or smuggling the liquor n SPEAKEASY: PA based, illegal liquor store or nightclub

A Child’s Promise: I promise not to buy, sell, or give Alcoholic liquors while I live; From all tobacco I'll abstain And never take God's name in vain.

Outcomes of the 18 th n Who benefited? Politicians – Got $ votes for looking other way… Bootleggers (Gangsters/Club Owners – Owned clubs, $$$$$$

Outcomes of the 18 th n Who suffered? (3) Politicians – Lost $1/2 billion in taxes & respect Immigrants - Blamed, lost culture, jailed Saloon Owners/Alcohol makers - Lost jobs

The Effects of the 18 th… n Created disrespect for the law n Eroded respect for religion n Created organized crime n Corrupted law enforcement, courts, & politics n Overburdened police n Harmed people financially, emotionally, morally - lost jobs (profession became a crime)

n Harmed physically ¨Unsafe alcohol – blindness, kidney/liver/brain damage ¨Attacks by mob, police n Changed drinking habits of the country ¨Public drinking now common ¨Women drinking ¨Hard liquors more popular n Increased cigarette smoking

n In 1933, the 21 st amendment was passed. n It repealed the th 18. This has been the only amendment in U. S. History to be repealed.

Gangsters of the 1920 s

Al Capone n This Italian gangster is the most well known in history. He began in NY then moved to Chicago where he was known as a murderer, a pimp, and bootlegger. He was eventually arrested and served the rest of his life in Alcatraz where he died in 1947 of syphilis.

George Moran n This Irish leader of the Northside Gang was nicknamed the “Jolly Murderer” and “Bugs”. He was the target of the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre, but escaped harm. He was eventually arrested for bank robbery despite being known as “Chicago’s Robin Hood”.

Red Scare #1 1919 -1920 Fear that communism was taking over the United States… and the WORLD!

Why did the Red Scare begin? n Rise of communism in the world ¨Comintern = _______________ n Increase in the number of anarchists, socialists and communists n Continued immigration ¨ 1919: 141, 000 n Increase -- 1921: 805, 000 in strikes ¨Associated with socialism… leading to communism

Results of the Red Scare n Palmer ¨A. Raids Mitchell Palmer – U. S. Attorney General ¨Raided houses of known anarchists, socialists and communists – i. e. immigrants ¨WITHOUT a search warrant – this is illegal ¨Still, many were jailed and/or deported ¨WHY? 1. Fear the U. S would be overthrown 2. Bombs were being sent through the mail to powerful citizens and government officials

Results of the Red Scare n Immigrants were put on trial for crimes they did not commit ¨Ex: Sacco and Vanzetti n Emergency ¨Only Quota Act (1921) 2% of an ethnicity allowed in U. S. based on 1890 census ¨Discriminated against Asians and Eastern Europeans because they had just begun emigrating in 1880 == not many here for census

Results of the Red Scare n Immigration Act (1924) ¨Japanese can’t become citizens ¨Which means no civil rights or voting n National ¨Only Origins Act (1929) 2% of an ethnicity allowed in U. S. based on 1920 census ¨More fair to Asians and Eastern Europeans

Rise of the Klan

KU KLUX KLAN History: Ø Died out in the 1870 s Ø Revived again in 1915 – WHY? Ø Reached peak in 1924 - 4. 5 million members Kept old practices: white hoods &burning crosses GOAL: to keep out “foreigners” Opposed unions and supported prohibition “felt threatened by changes in American society”

LYNCHING What is it? Why was it done? Ø Used as a scare tactic Ø Existence of a racist environment Ø Permissive government

LYNCHING 1880 – 1950 = 5, 000 killed with 70% being Black 1880 = 23 people every 2 ½ days Heaviest in Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Lousiana and Arkansas – What do they all have in common? Not restricted to South – for example: Zacharia Walker 1911 – Coatesville, PA

Sacco & Vanzetti Victims of xenophobia or Guilty?

Shoe Factory Sacco Southern Part Fish Peddler Vanzetti Northern Part

Accused of murdering a paymaster & shoe store security guard

Paymaster carrying $16, 000 in payroll receipts when shot! Money was never traced to either man

Not impartial Referred to Sacco & Vanzetti as “Dagos” Judge Webster Thayer

Denounced their immigrant background & pol. beliefs Unfair treatment

Both convicted of murder & sentenced to death

Vanzetti - I wish to say to you that I am innocent. I have never done a crime, some sins, but never any crime. I thank you for everything you have done for me. I am innocent of all crime, not only this one, but of all, of all.

…Only because they were foreigners Xenophobia

Where were they coming from?

No foreigners in US! Welcome Sacco & Vanzetti represented everything Americans feared about foreigners

Politics in the 1920 s

Woodrow Wilson 1913 -1921 Democratic (1 st in 20 years) Campaign Platform: “New Freedom” A moderate Progressive: - Banking reform - Anti-trust legislation Developed League of Nations

"Some people call me an idealist. Well, that is the way I know am an American. America is the only idealistic nation in the world. " "If you want to make enemies, try to change something. "

Warren g harding 1921 -1923 Republican Campaign Name: “A Return to Normalcy” Established high protective tax on imports: Why? Repealed war taxes on U. S. goods Restricted immigration (E. Europe) Cabinet: “Ohio Gang” - known for scandals ex: Teapot Dome – leased oil land to private companies Stress from scandals=stroke=died

"My God, this is a hell of a job! I have no trouble with my enemies. . . but my damn friends, they're the ones that keep me walking the floor at nights. "

Calvin coolidge 1923 -1929 Republican “Chief business of America is business” – offer jobs First president to address the nation on radio ('23) Credit introduced, it was a prosperous era with electricity being introduced into the home. There was wealth but not well distributed. Agriculture, RR, textiles and coal were in trouble. Kept the import tax.

"If you don't say anything, you can't be called upon to repeat it. “ "I have never been hurt by anything I didn't say. "

Herbert hoover 1929 -1933 Republican President during 1929 Stock Market Crash 1 st president to have telephone on desk Believed in “Rugged Individualism” – local gov’t to help during depression Blamed for the Depression Dedicated to maintaining peace internationally

"Peace is not made at the Council table or by treaties, but in the hearts of men. " "A splendid storehouse of integrity and freedom has been bequeathed to us by our forefathers. In this day of confusion, of peril to liberty, our high duty is to see that this storehouse is not robbed of its contents. " "Absolute freedom of the press to discuss public questions is a foundation stone of American liberty. "