Progressive Era Problem Tenement slums overcrowded little ventilation

Progressive Era Problem Tenement slums, overcrowded, little ventilation Answers Salvation Army, Settlement Houses Problem Discrimination against Orientals Answer Gentlemen’s Agreement with Roosevelt to restrict immigration to US in exchange for allowing Korean, Chinese and Japanese in “white schools on West Coast

Problems and Answers • • Problem Corrupt Government Officials, Bribery and Violence • Answer • A Teddy Roosevelt as Police Commissioner in New York • Problems • Unsafe Drinking Water, Inadequate Sewers, unpaved streets, inadequate municipal services, • Answers • Regulating Public Service Corporations

Unsafe Work Conditions for Child Labor • Problems • Coal mine cut fingers, machinery mangling (see p 212) cave ins smothering in chutes poison gas fumes, asthma, miners consumption • No education to better oneself because working long hours • Answers • Limit work hours to 10 hours a day • Mandatory school attendance through a certain age.

Muckrakers - ON ABUSES OF SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Lincoln Steffens Mc. Clures and Shame of the Cities corruption articles (see p 214) • Jacob Riis photographer New York Evening Sun and How the Other Half Lives • Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Trust ruthless business practices • Novelist Theodore Dreiser wrote Sister Carrie about brutal urban experiences in Chicago and NY • Novelist Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about meatpacking industry horrors in Chicago • Jane Addams opened Hull House as a settlement house to help immigrants get child care while they worked, learned English and basic skills…

Novelists/Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair – The Jungle on meat packing scandals in Chicago • Lincoln Steffens • Frank Norris • Wanted to correct problems in government and industry like graft, bribery, spoils system bosses, unfair price setting, monopolies • Believed if they got their readers mad enough about scandalous stories government would act on the problem

Fix the Laws by Direct Vote • Referendum – correct an existing law on ballot in an election • Make a law from scratch by petition signatures and the get it on ballot • Recall a bad elected official for misconduct in office by putting the issue of them being bad on ballot.

Trusts Bullying Smaller Businesses Answer Clayton Antitrust Act Middle Class Progressives wanted to bust the trusts to give more opportunities to businesses and lower unnecessarily high prices caused by lack of competition Problem: Unions were prosecuted under Sherman Anti-trust Act, low wages and crippling strikes Answer Law changed to exempt unions from antitrust

Strikes and Lockouts Could Shut down Heat from Coal Supplies in Winter, Transportation of Perishable Food That Farmers Depended on Selling For Year’s Income and City Dwellers without Livestock and Gardens Answers • Presidents threatened to send in troops to mine coal if compromises not reached • State Governors sent in state militias to shoot up tent cities where people lived on strike after company town housing evicted them

Impact of Progressives • • • Increased Govt Regulation of Business Increased social and labor laws Income Tax More Presidential Executive Power Women started to have a voice – If they were denied access to jobs, vote, etc they would lead protests

Match the President on Trusts Busting • Square Deal Roosevelt • New Freedom Wilson for small business • New Nationalism -Progressive Party Bullmoose Roosevelt wanted to restore trust busting power not just the more relaxed rule if reason Taft trustbusting only overly restrictive monopolies • Taft was the biggest trust buster in number of successful court busts even though he favored the more relaxed court rule of reason • Roosevelt prosecuted fewer trusts and he had a problem defining a bad trust that needed prosecution but he wanted to be hardline against trusts as did Wilson

amendments • • • 16 th income taxes 17 th direct election of senators 18 th prohibition 19 th women vote (suffrage) 21 st repealed prohibition 22 nd only 2 elected terms Pres reversed growing power of President started during Progressive Presidents, Teddy, Taft Willson FDRoosevelt

jungle • Read p 220 aloud • Keating Owen Act child labor ban ruled unconstitutional in 1916 but was able to to end child labor in 1938 by a congressional law very similar • Bunting v Oregon court case upheld the limit of a ten hour work day in 1917

Business and Government Corruption • Answers • Prosecuting bosses and bribers criminally • Social Welfare Laws to help children and landlord abuses • Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal • guarantee a fair non-cheating hand dealt, like in cards but not guaranteeing a winning hand

Children Protected by Education Improvement and Child Labor Laws • Minors do not have a right to a jury trial in Missouri • Keating Owens Act – 1916 banned child labor 1918 S Ct declared unconstitutional 1938 Congress made a law that banned child labor • Debate practical skills like carpentry only vs sex differentiated skills like cooking vs liberal arts creativity skills that have historically separated us from the Chinese…

Industrial Workers • Problem • Early 1900’s 30, 000 died and half mnillion injured each year • Answer 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory locked exits fire shocked into safer workplace laws, workers compensation laws for federal workers and states • Law limiting workday to 10 hours held unconstitutional in 1905 in Lochner v NY

Election Reforms Progressive • • Recall (impeach) Referendum Initiative Direct primary La Follette in Wisconsin v caucus where everyone in a party is locked in meeting rooms • Direct election of Senators 17 th amendment

Railroad Reform • • • Gov La. Follette of Wisc in 1900 forced railroads to lower fees, pay higher taxes California Gov Hiram Johnson broke Souther Pacific RR hold on govt and srarted careful use of water, forests, wildlife and other natural resources NY Governor Teddy Roosevelt started a fair system for hiring state employees and taxed corporations Prior to that people thought that only fair tax was when the corporation diividend was taxed by the stockholder who received it. Today we tax corporations, have capital gains taxes on short and long term stock purchases and still tax people when they receive interest or dividends. Essentially it is a double tax on corporated income some argue Teddy Roosevelt was taken into Mc. Kinley organization because he reformed too well and they wanted him out of NY bosses way. ZWhen a crazy assassinated Mc. Kinley Roosevelt ushered in Progressivism reform at the federal level New Jersey Gov Woody Wilson reduced railroad power and pushed for the same direct primary Gov Teddy Roosevelt wanted

Women win Rights • In 1890’s women’s colleges turned out middle class women graduates who still had a tough time getting jobs • As late as 1950 Future Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Conner could not find PAYING JOB even though she was number one in her law school class at Stanford She volunteered at a secty desk in a prosecutor ioffice

Jobs for Ladies • In early 1900 most ladies worked long hours in dangerous conditions See the scenario set out on p 221 • In Muller v Oregon S Ct upheld shortening women’s workdays to 10 hours but not men’s. Unfortunately it was used to justify paying women less wages than men for years

Florence Kelley • Florence Kelley started the National Coinsumers League long before the Better Business Bureau existed • Florence Kelley also started the Women’s Trade Union League where its labels declared the product made in safe fair working conditions and pushed for a minimum wage and an 8 hour workday

Women’s Temperance League • Went to Schools to get kids to pledge not to ever drink like DARE gets an anti drug use pledge • Nurse Margaret Sanger was arrested for giving out condom and birth control info • Ida Well’s National Assn of Colored Women set up day care for working mothers • Could be rooted in an anti-immigrants prejudice • People who had been Americans for generations did not identify with darker skinned people who drank wine or beer with meals (often because their originating country had tainted water

Suffrage • In 1890’s Carrie Catt (meow) & Florence Kelley - National American Woman Suffrage Association • Used referendum to win vote in NY, Mich and Oklahoma • Society plan wealthy well educated organized • 19 th amendment by Susan B Anthony was rejected twice before it passed after WWI

Militant Suffagettes • Alice Paul in Mational Women’s Party picketed White House • Went on hunger strikes in jail • Confrontational v informational Carrie Catts • Pres Wilson went from arrest them to a supporter of the informational suffragettes and championed the 19 th amendment

Americanization • prejudice against immigrants • Tried assimilation to make more cookie cutter loyal citizens • Ignore the fact that many newer immigrants from Italy, etc hoped to return to their mother country and ethnic roots nationalism was rampant in Europe yet melting pot was the goal in the US

ANTI -Discrimination Groups • Niagara Movement Du. Bois and Trotter anti trade skills only Urban League focused on poor blacks and NAACP anti-lynching and fighting discriminatory laws like segregated schools challenged in Brown v Board of Education • Jewish B’Nai B’rith 1843 Anti-Defamation League 1913 • Mexican Mutualistas for loans and legal help, Partido Liberal Mexicano • Carlos Montezuma Native Americans • Asians Americans 1913 Calif law refused to let Asian Americans own land so they put the land in the names of their children born in the United States

Roosevelt Fair Play and a Square Deal – no cheating and unfair play from businessess • • • • Left Harvard Law School to be in NY Assembly 1880 Lost his wife and mother 3 years later in 1883 and moved West to ranch and wilderness when people like John Muir of the Sierra Club were asking feds and states to set aside land like Yellowstone in 1872 for parks and conservation Fought coruption as Pres of NY City Board of Police Commissioners 1889 Mc. Kinley appointed him Asst Secty of Navy, Yosemite started 1898 He formed Rough Riders in Spanish American War Came back to be elected Governor of NY Corrupt politicians talked Mc. Kinley into taking Teddy Roosevelt as VP Became President when Mc. Kinley assassinated in NY in 1900 Not for lazy Only prosecuted bad trusts Threatened to send troops and employees to mine coal in 1902 for a strike for shorter workday and raise They compromised at a small raise and a 9 hour workday Dept of Commerce and Labor to keep businesses from abusing their power

Railroads • Since 1870 RR would charge farmers etc whatever the railroads wanted • 1887 Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee RR rates By 1900 S Ct stripped most of power away • 1903 Roosevelt got Elkins Act passes to fine RR for special rates to favored shippers like Standard Oil used to put competitors out of business • 1906 Hepburn Act gave ICC power to enforce shipping costs limits and set max prices for bridge tolls, ferries and oil pipelines (limiting Standard Oil tricks)

Newer Inventions • Thomas Edison invented tatoo machine • Mustard gas, trench warfare • Airplanes

Gifford Pinchot • National Use Policy in Div of Forestry in Dept of Agriculture said that sections of timberland would be protected so trees could grow up there to be harvested for houses for future generations • Did not believe in preserving refuges for all the small creatures like the Sierra Club and John Muir

National Reclamation Act • Gave the federal govt power to regulate water distribution between states from interstate rivers • Started huge reservoirs Roosevelt Dam, Hoover Dam

Contrast Differences Taft and Teddy Roosevelt • Taft supported the Payne Aldrich Act in 1909 that did not lower tariffs as much as Teddy wanted • Taft supported the Mann-Elkins Act that gave feds control over telegraph and telephones in 1910 • Taft brought lawsuits against twice as many trusts as Teddy • Sued US Steel to sell a coal company Teddy said was ok to buy • Fired Pinchot for criticizing federal sale of Alaskan coal land • Similarities: • Taft was Gov of Phillipines and Secty of War under Roosevelt while Roosevelt had been a Secty of Navy • Both believed in the S Ct rule of reason that monopolies would not be touched if they were not unreasonably squeezing out the competition

Du. Bois and Booker T Washington • Disagreed over whether the burden of overcoming discrimination was the burden of African Americans alone by good work and achievement (Washinbgton) or the promised constitutional duty of the nation (Du. Bois)