Progressive American Politics AP U S History Progressive

Progressive American Politics AP U. S. History

Progressive Political Reform Direct Democracy ► Secret ballots (Australian ballot) § All candidates printed on ballots § Vote in privacy at assigned polling place ► ► Direct primaries Government of the People § Initiatives ► Petition of enough voter signatures to force an election § Referendums ► Legislative proposals determined by electorate § Recalls ► Remove elected officials through local/state elections

Seventeenth Amendment (1913) ► Problems § State legislature corruption ► Candidates bribed state legislators for votes § Electoral deadlocks ► State legislators could not agree on a selection leaving vacant seats ► Direct Election of Senators

Progressive Political Reform Local/Municipalities ► Assert more control and regulation of public utilities and services § Built public parks and playgrounds, sanitation services, municipal services, public schools § Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential) ► Local Governments § Galveston Plan ► Commissioners elected and councils directly § Dayton Plan ► City Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities Inspired social and municipal reform managers hired as non-partisan administrators

Progressive Political Reform States ► “Wisconsin Idea” § Robert La. Follette § Influence and Application of Education on Politics ► Direct primaries ► Progressive taxes ► Workers’ compensation and minimum wages ► Insurance plans ► Business regulations ► Child labor laws ► Limit or eliminate monopolies and trusts ► Supported direct election of senators

Fourth Party System (1896 -1932) ► Republicans ► Democrats § Coalition § Dominated the federal government during this era § Coalition corporations, upper-class, fundamentalists, Northeast ► Solid South, western farmers, urban immigrants, working class § Laissez-faire policies § New Freedom ► Industrialists, § Nationalists and Imperialists ► Bull Moose Party § aka Progressive Party § New Nationalism ► Socialist Party of America § Coalition ► German and Jewish immigrants, unionists, former Populist farmers, Progressive social reformers § Elections ► Two members of U. S. House ► Dozens of state legislators, mayors, council members § Eugene V. Debs ► Ran in 1904. 1908, 1912, 1920 ► Received over 900, 000 votes in 1912 and 1920

Election of 1896 ► William Jennings Bryan (D) § ► William Mc. Kinley (R) § § § ► Populist rhetoric Mark Hanna Outspent Bryan 5 to 1 Benefited from recovering economy Campaign § § Bryan’s stump speeches Mc. Kinley’s “front-porch”

William Mc. Kinley (R) (1897 -1901) ► Economy § Klondike Gold Rush (1896 -1899) § Gold Standard Act (1900) § Economic expansion ► Foreign Affairs § Annexation of Hawaii (1898) § Spanish-American War (1898) § China ► Open Door Policy ► Boxer Rebellion (1899 -1901) ► Assassination § September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY § Leon Czolgosz

Election of 1900 ► William Mc. Kinley (R) § William Mc. Kinley ► Theodore Roosevelt as VP ► William Jennings Bryan (D) § § Bimetallism Antiimperialism

Theodore Roosevelt (R) (1901 -1909) ► Square Deal § Trustbuster § Business Regulation § Conservation Coal Strike of 1902 ► Panic of 1907 ► Big Stick Policy ► § Panama Canal § Roosevelt Corollary

Election of 1904 Theodore Roosevelt (R) ► Alton B. Parker (D) ► Eugene V. Debs ► § Socialist Party of America

Roosevelt: Trustbuster ► Good Trusts & Bad Trusts ► Consumer Protection § Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ► Prohibited impure and falsely labeled foods and drugs § Meat Inspection Act (1906) ► Prohibited misleading labels ► Prohibited harmful chemicals

Roosevelt: Conservationist 230, 000 acres under protection during Roosevelt’s administration ► U. S. Forest Service ► Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) ► § Federal promotion of irrigation in western states National Park Service (1916) ► Preservationists ► § John Muir and Sierra Club

National Parks

Election of 1908 ► William Howard Taft (R) § ► Hand-picked by Roosevelt William Jennings Bryan (D)

William Howard Taft (R) (1909 -1913) ► Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States (1911) § § ► Sixteenth Amendment (1913) § ► Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved Federal graduated income tax Dollar Diplomacy

Election of 1912 ► Woodrow Wilson (D) § New Freedom ► Anti-trust laws to promote fair competition and small businesses ► Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive) § “Bull Moose Party” § New Nationalism ► Executive regulations of industries ► Social justice ► William Howard Taft (R) § Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans (Insurgents) ► Socialist Party of America § Eugene V. Debs

The Federal Government Should Regulate Trusts: Roosevelt’s New Nationalism; The Federal Government Should Oppose Trusts: Wilson’s New Freedom Theodore Roosevelt – “Campaign Speech at Osawatomie, Kansas” (1910) ► I stand for the square deal. But when I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the game, but that I stand for having those rules change so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service…Now, this means that our government, National and State, must be freed from the sinister influence or control of special interests. Exactly as the special interests of cotton and slavery threatened our political integrity before the Civil War, so now the great special business interests too often control and corrupt men and methods of government for their own profit We must drive the special interests out of politics. . . Combinations in industry are the result of an imperative economic law which cannot be repealed by political legisation. The effort at prohibiting all combination has substantially failed. The way out lies, not in attempting to prevent such combinations, but in completely controlling them in the interest of the public welfare. Woodrow Wilson – “The New Freedom” (1913) ► I take my stand absolutely, where every progressive ought to take his stand, on the proposition that private monopoly is indefensible and intolerable. And there I will fight my battle. And I know how to fight it. Everybody who has even read the newspapers knows the means by which these men built up their power and created these monopolies. Any decently equipped lawyer can suggest to you statutes by which the whole business can be stopped. What these gentlemen do not want is this: they do not want to be compelled to meet all comers on equal terms. I am perfectly willing that they should beat any competitor by fair means; but I know the foul means they have adopted, and I know that they can be stopped by law… the program of the [Progressive] party legalizes mnopolies and systematically subordinates workingmen. . . looks strangely like economic mastery over the very lives and fortunes of those who do the daily work of the nation; and all this under the overwhelming power and sovreignty of the national government. What most of us are fighting for is to break up this very partnership between big business and the government. . . America stands for opportunity. America stands for a free field and no favor.

Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913 -1921) ► Progressive Amendments § Seventeenth Amendment – Direct election of Senators § Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition § Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s suffrage ► Progressive Legislation and Policies § Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) § Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) § Federal Reserve Act (1913) ► World War I § Fourteen Points § League of Nations

Progressive Business Regulation ► Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) § Prohibited monopolistic pricing policies and regulated mergers and acquisitions § Held corporate officers personally responsible for antitrust violations § Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court injunctions ► Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) § Prevent unfair business practices § Investigate complaints

Federal Reserve System and Central Banking Panic of 1907 ► Federal Reserve Act (1913) ► § “The Fed” ► § Price stability, maximum employment, long-term economic growth Federal Reserve Board ► President appointed with Senate consent ► FOMC ► Monetary Policy § § § Open-Market Operations Reserve Requirement/Ratio Discount rates

Election of 1916 ► Woodrow Wilson (D) § ► “He kept us out of war. ” Charles Evan Hughes (R) § U. S. Supreme Court justice