Progress Presentation II Presented by Vijaya Priya Govindasamy

Progress Presentation II Presented by Vijaya Priya Govindasamy April 05 th, 2004

Outline n Thermal Image Acquisition n Simulation of Thermal Images n n Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + fluid temperature assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + advection links assigned Calibration of Thermal Imagers n n n Process of acquisition Results Objective Papers reviewed Comparison Between Real and Simulated Thermal Images n n Ideas Review of thermometers 2

Data Acquisition n In door data collection n n Boiling water in a coffee maker and ice cubes were imaged using the camera The first set of images were taken using the manual mode but the contrast and brightness was changed in between to compensate the camera temperature rise The second set of images were taken using the fixed mode where the contrast and brightness was fixed The camera was left on for a some period until the temperature became stable 3

Results - I 4

Results II 5

Data Acquisition n contd. . Out Door data collection n The camera was connected to the laptop using the fire wire module n Problems were faced with the driver installation n Finally the data was collected by taking the desktop computer out n Ford Taurus was used to take the images n The images were captured for an hour n Also some color and thermal images were taken. For capturing thermal images the smart scene option was used 6

Results 7

Color Coded Results 8

Result – color image 9

Points to be noted n Intake manifold just delivers the outside air and fuel mixture n Temperature rise cannot be significantly noted n Parts of interest would be engine block, exhaust manifold or muffler 10

Outline n Thermal Image Acquisition n Simulation of Thermal Images n n Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + fluid temperature assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + advection links assigned Calibration of Thermal Imagers n n n Process of acquisition Results Objective Papers reviewed Comparison Between Real and Simulated Thermal Images n n Ideas Review of thermometers 11

Simulation of Under Vehicle Model n Temperature curve assigned to engine block n n n The under vehicle model geometry created using Rhino 3 d was used Temperature curve was assigned for a period of 15 minutes All other parts expect engine block was set as calculated temperature part 12

Simulation Result 13

Simulation of Under Vehicle Model n Temperature curve assigned to engine block and fluid temperature assigned to exhaust components n n n The temperature curve was assigned to engine block for a period of 15 minutes The exhaust system components like catalytic converter, muffler and pipes were assigned a fluid temperature of 50 degree Celsius Drawback – The exhaust components are at high temperature starting from time 0 14

Simulation Result 15

Fluid parts n n The parts have no geometry The main fluid part requires the assignment of temperature value or curve The other fluid parts are connected to the corresponding upstream fluid through advection links The connection requires the flow type and the flow rate 16

Simulation of Under Vehicle Model n Temperature curve assigned to engine block and fluid parts connected through advection and convection links n n n The temperature curve was assigned to engine block for a period of 15 minutes Four fluid parts namely exhaust gas, front pipe exhaust gas, muffler exhaust gas and rear pipe exhaust gas were created The whole muffler was broken down into three parts – front pipe, muffler, rear pipe 17

Simulation of Under Vehicle Model n n n The exhaust gas was assigned the following temperature curve All the fluid parts were connected through advection links The fluid parts and the corresponding solid parts were connected through convection links 18

Simulation Result 19

Outline n Thermal Image Acquisition n Simulation of Thermal Images n n Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + fluid temperature assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + advection links assigned Calibration of Thermal Imagers n n n Process of acquisition Results Objective Papers reviewed Comparison Between Real and Simulated Thermal Images n n Ideas Review of thermometers 20

Objective n n n The idea is to determine the temperature range depicted by each color or gray level value in thermal image obtained The first step is to review the literature for theory and methods of radiometric calibration and then implement a procedure for calibrating the camera A review of the various blackbody sources is also carried out as a part of this task 21

Papers Reviewed n n A hot calibration load of measuring and controlling temperature – Zhihui Xiao International journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 21, No. 7, 2000 Theory and methods of radiometric calibration - C. L. Wyatt (SPIE Proceeding 1976) Brightness temperature emitted by radiometer calibration load at millimeter wave band – Zhihui Xiao et al. , International journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2001 Calibrating spectral images using penalized likelihood – G. W. A. M van der Heijden et al. , Real –Time imaging Vol. 9, 2003 22

Papers Reviewed n n A New Thermal Infrared Camera Calibration Approach using the Wireless MEMS Sensors – Peter Bajcsy, Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation Conference(2004) Calibration of thermal imagers – Paul Chevrette, SPIE, Vol. 661, 1986, pp. 372 - 382 23

Spectral and Radiometric Calibration of Midwave and Longwave Infrared cameras – Marc Mermelstein, Optical Engineering(2000), Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 347 -352 Spectral calibration n n The camera responsivity is given by 24

Spectral and Radiometric Calibration of Midwave and Longwave Infrared cameras – Marc Mermelstein, Optical Engineering(2000), Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 347 -352 n Radiometric Calibration n n The objective is to measure the product of the detector responsivity α and gain G given the normalized camera spectral response function R(λ) The exact radiance is measured at a number of temperature set points labeled by the index j and is given by 25

Water at the ice point: a useful quasi-blackbody infrared calibration source – James W. Horwitz, Applied Optics Journal(1999), Vol. 38, No. 19, pp. 4053 - 4057 n n n Water at the ice point makes a good calibration source in the 4 – to 13μm spectral region because of n High Emissivity n Small skin depth n Ease in preparing and using an icepoint bath Ice bath with an auxiliary mirror Spectral reflectance for the various wavelengths are tabulated and the Emissivity is calculated using Emissivity values are found to be slightly less than unity 26

To be reviewed n n Radiometric calibration of infrared detectors and thermal imaging systems – Fox, SPIE, Vol. 2474, 1995, pp. 229 -237 Radiometric calibration system for IR cameras - Park, SPIE, Vol. 1686, 1992, pp. 35 – 41 Thermal infrared characterization of ground targets and backgrounds - Jacobs, Pieter A. (Book) Methods of LWIR Radiometric Calibration and Characterization – Robert Ryan, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2002 27

Review of Blackbody Calibrators Source Black Point model BB-2 A Temperat ure Accuracy Range 38 to 350° C ± 2% Black Ambient+ Point 10 to 400° model C BB 703 ± 1. 4°C Black Point model BB 702 ± 0. 5°C Ambient +10 to 215° C Temperat ure Resol ution Target Plate Size Price - 152 mm $650 29 mm $890 63. 5 mm $1995 0. 1 degre e - 28

Review of Blackbody Calibrators Black Point model BB 701 -18 to 149°C ± 0. 8°C - 63. 5 mm $2995 MIKRON M 340 -20 TO 150°C ± 0. 3°C 0. 1 degree 51 mm - MIKRON M 310 +5 to 350°C ± 0. 25% of reading 1 degree ± 1°C 76 mm - MIKRON M 300 ± 0. 25% 100 to of reading 1 degree 1150°C ± 1°C 51 mm - MIKRON M 360 50 to 1100°C ± 0. 2% of reading ± 1°C 25 mm - 1 degree 29

Outline n Thermal Image Acquisition n Simulation of Thermal Images n n Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + fluid temperature assigned Simulation of Under vehicle model – one temperature curve + advection links assigned Calibration of Thermal Imagers n n n Process of acquisition Results Objective Papers reviewed Comparison Between Real and Simulated Thermal Images n n Ideas Review of thermometers 30

Idea n n The objective is to look for the possible ways of comparing real and simulated thermal images The task looks into theoretical and practical approaches of comparison between the images 31

Review of Thermometers Name Ray MX 4+ IR- 60 EXPL 2 OS 523 -2 Manufacturer Raytek 3 M Infrared Omega Temperature Range -30 to 900°C -25 to 870°C -18 to 1370°C Accuracy ± 0. 75% of reading ± 1% of reading Display Resolution 0. 1°C Tenth Degree reading up to 199. 9 °C 1°C 0. 1 – 1. 0 adjustable in steps of 0. 01 Emissivity 0. 95 Default 0. 1 – 1. 5 adjustable in steps of 0. 01 Distance to Spot Ratio 60: 1 RS-232 output Yes Yes Data Storage 100 points Response Time 250 milliseconds Spectral Range 8 to 14 mm Dimensions 200 x 170 x 50 mm 170 x 50 x 200 0 to 50°C Power 2 x 1. 5 V Alkaline Type AA 4 ‘AA’ lithium batteries Battery Life 13 hrs ( 50% laser and backlight on) 6 hrs ( 50% laser and backlight on) 10 days with lithium ( approximate) Price $ 1295 $1241 $1195 Operating Temperature 32

Review of Thermometers Temp Rang e Accuracy Source Manufacturer OS 542 Omega -20 to 500° C OS 540 Omega -20 to 420° C ± 2°C 1°C 0. 95 fixed 8: 1 $85 OS 530 L Omega -18 to 540° C ± 1% of rdg 1°C 0. 1 to 1. 00 variable 10: 1 $295 ± 2°C or 2% of rdg Resolution 0. 1°C Emissivity 0. 98 fixed FOV contd. . 12: 1 Price $125 T 7350 Professional Equipmen t -20 ~ 500° C ± 2% or ± 3°F (2°C) 1°F; 0. 5°C 0. 95 8: 1 $99. 95 T 7352 Center Technolo gy Corp -20 ~ 500° C ± 2% or ± 3°F (2°C) 0. 2°F (0. 1° C) 0. 95 12: 1 $149. 95 -18 to 275° C -1°C to 275°C ± 2% or -18°C to 1°C ± 3°C 0. 2°C or 0. 5°F 0. 95 8: 1 $99. 95 T 490 RAYTEK Distance to target : Up to 4 ft 33

Review of Thermometers contd. . T 399 UEI -40 to 788°F ± 2% Reading or 3°F/2°C 0. 1°F -40 to 212°F 1°F/C above 212°F 0. 85, 0. 90, 0. 95 selectable 8: 1 $129. 95 T 701 RAYTEK -25 to 950°F For targets at -25 to -15°F: ± 5ºF For targets at -15 to 0°F: ± 4ºF For targets at 0 to 73°F: ± 3ºF For targets above 73°F: ± 2ºF 0. 5ºF Pre-set at 0. 95 12: 1 $275. 00 Distance to target : Up to 6 ft T 7200 Mannix/Intersta te -20 to 260°C - 1° 0. 95 (fixed) 6: 1 $89. 95 T 220 DELTA TRAK -20°to 400°C +1% - - 33: 1 $450. 00 IR 60 CFO 3 M Electronics -32°C to 870°C - - Adjustable emmissivity 50: 1 - IR 60 L 2 NI 3 M Electronics -32°C to 870°C - - Adjustable 0. 10 to 1. 00 60: 1 - IR-1100 3 M Electronics -32°C to 600°C - - Adjustable emmissivity 30: 1 - IR-1400 3 M Electronics -32°C to 760°C - - Adjustable emmissivity 50: 1 - 34

Thank You 35