Programming in C 1 Objectives To describe the

Programming in C++ 1

Objectives • To describe the fundamental characteristics of the object oriented C++ programming language. • To introduce the steps necessary for creating a fully functional C++ program. 2

Types of programming languages • Three types of programming languages – Machine languages • Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions • Example: +1300042774 +1400593419 +1200274027 – Assembly languages • English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers) • Example: LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY 3

Types of programming languages – High-level languages • Similar to everyday English, use mathematical notations (translated via compilers) • Example: gross. Pay = base. Pay + over. Time. Pay 4

• Some of high-level languages – C++ • Built from pieces called classes and functions • Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming – JAVA • Used to create web pages with dynamic and interactive content • Develop large-scale enterprise applications • Enhance the functionality of web servers – FORTRAN • Used in scientific and engineering applications – COBOL • Used to manipulate large amounts of data – Pascal • Used to teach structured programming 5

Historical Perspective • The C++ programming language was created by Bjarne Stroustrup and his team at Bell Laboratories (AT&T, USA) to help implement simulation projects in an object-oriented and efficient way. • The earliest versions, “C with classes, ” date back to 1980. • C++ was derived from the C programming language: ++ is the increment operator in C. • In 1998 the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) approved a standard for C++ (ISO/IEC 14882). 6

Characteristics of C++ • C++ is not a purely object-oriented language but a hybrid => you have all the features that are available in C: – Universally usable modular programs – Efficient, close to the machine programming – Portable programs for various platforms. 7

OOP • C++ supports the concepts of object-oriented programming (or OOP for short) which are: – data abstraction, that is, the creation of classes to describe objects – data encapsulation for controlled access to object data – inheritance by creating derived classes (including multiple derived classes) – polymorphism (Greek for multiform), that is, the implementation of instructions that can have varying effects during program execution. 8

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING In traditional, procedural programming, data and functions are kept separate from the data they process. This has a significant effect on the way a program handles data: ■ the programmer must ensure that data are initialized with suitable values before use and that suitable data are passed to a function when it is called. ■ if the data representation is changed, functions must also be modified. 9

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Object-oriented programming object(s) OOP objects combine data (properties) and functions (capacities). 10

Advantages of OOP ■ Reduced susceptibility to errors: an object controls access to its own data. ■ Easy re-use: objects maintain themselves. ■ Low maintenance requirement: an object type can modify its own internal data representation without requiring changes to the application. 11

!To use a C++ langauge • C++ programs – Built from pieces called classes and functions • C++ standard library – Provides rich collections of existing classes and functions for all programmers to use 12

Create and translate a C++ program 13

Sample program #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Enjoy yourself with C++!" << endl; return 0; } 14