Programming Fundamentals Lecture 1 booksmake groups problem solving

Programming Fundamentals Lecture # 1

books+make groups

problem solving ● ● ● ● ● Problem? . . . obstacle, difficulty…needs to be solved P. solving is process of finding a best solution for it. P. solving is a skill that can be developed we solve different problems every day…. . easy and difficult(more time and attention) different strategies, techniques and tools are used to solve a problem computers are used as tools to solve complex problems by developing programs program contain diffrent instructions for computer Programmer writes instructions and computer executes theses to solve prob. . A good problem solver can be a good programmer

Program ● Set of instructions that tells a computer what to do is called a program ● Computer works according to given instructions in the program ● Computer programs are written in programming languages ● A person who develops a program is called a programmer ● Programmer uses programming languages or tools to write a program

Algorithms and pseudocode An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem algorithm makes problem simpler and easier It is better to write an algorithm before writing an actual computer program properties ◆ given problem should be broken down into simple+meaningful steps ◆ Steps should be numbered sequentially ◆ Steps should be descriptive and written in simple english ➔ Pseudo code ◆ algorithms are written in a language that is similar to simple english called psuedo code ➔ Examples of algorithms. ➔ ➔

Programming Languages ➔ A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs is called program language ➔ different programming languages are used for different programs ➔ Types ◆ Low-Level Languages ◆ High-Level Languages

Low-Level Languages ● Near to computer hardware and far from human languages ● Computer can understand these languages easily ● Writing programs in low level languages requires a deep knowledge of hardware ● Types ■ Machine Languages ■ Assembly Language

Machine Language ➔ Instructions are written in binary form ➔ Only language which is directly understood by the computer ➔ Machine language is difficult to understand ➔ Writing and modifying program takes a lot of time ➔ First generation language

Assembly Language ➔ One step higher than machine language ➔ symbols are used instead of binary code…. Mnemonics(sub for subtrctn) ➔ Mostly used for writing system software ➔ Second generation language

High Level Languages Close to human languages Easy to understand, write, modify Instructions are like english words input, output Categories Procedural languages Object oriented languages Non-procedural language

Procedural languages • • • 3 GL FORTRAN BASIC COBOL PASCAL C

Object Oriented Languages C++