Professor Simon Berkovich Department of Computer Science The

Professor Simon Berkovich Department of Computer Science The George Washington University Washington, DC 20052 Connotation of Life Beyond Molecular biology 1

The worldview of physics and biology One of the profoundest enigmas of nature is the contrast of dead and living matter ( H. Weyl Biology – “Disease of Matter” an anomaly from the standpoint of straightforwa There’s nothing in the known laws of physics to compel matter to organize itself into life. P. Davis Even when all the possible scientific questions have been answered, the problems of life remain completely untouched L. Wittgenstein How memories are stored in the brain is not likely to be affected by the discovery of the final theory S. Weinberg 2

Interrelation of Life and quantum mechanics ? MYSTERY OF LIFE MYSTERY OF QUANTUM MECHANICS Quantum entanglement is a resource, like energy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Living matter involves intensive control operations Quantum mechanisc is not applicable to the description of macromolecules, let alone the dynamics of cells Biological information processing requires Cloud Computing 3

Dalai Lama: Religion Without Quantum Physics Is an Incomplete Picture of Reality 4

Preliminary notes on cellular automaton construction of the Physical Universe: a priori advantages - automatic inertia and relativity The key point – an inherent physical attribute resulting in quantum mechanics Preferential direction for moving elementary particles 3 d exploratory designs http: //uncomp. uwe. ac. uk/wuensche/multi_value/3 d_glider_guns. Generic “Game of Life” For biological Information processing the main requirement is Cloud Computing Will be given further 5

Quantum mechanics weirdness Most successful theory of of Nature About 1/3 of GNP comes from quantum mechanics. Basically, there is no branch of Natural Science that . is not affected somehow by quantum mechanics But it is an algorithmic construction rather than a scientific theory In the decades since quantum mechanics was discovered, physicists and philosophers have not stop arguing over what it means. They will probably be debating it a century from now. Many physicists doubted that a rational explanation of quantum phenomena would ever be found "If you think you understand quantum theory. . . you don't understand quantu 6 So, what should be studied?

Efforts to understand quantum mechanics 1927 Fifth Solvay Conference On Electrons and Photons, Wikipedia gives ~ 15 variants for interpretation of quaqntum mechanics 17 of the 29 attendees were or became Nobel Prize winners, “An interpretation of quantum mechanics is essentially an answer to the question: ’What is the state vector? ’ Antohny Sudbery, Quantum mechancs and the particles of nature, Cambridge, University Press, 1989, p. 212 7

Principles of Quantum Mechanics Adjustments to established activities do not help: what is needed is one simple robust principle – a single missing element that goes to the very foundations of physics Why Complex Numbers? Quantum States with imaginary numbers are absolutely real 8

Unidirectional anisotropy of the basic inertial frame of reference Mechanistic description of Nature ---- Galilean relativity: all inertial frames of reference are equivalent (not exactly right) Elementary particles --- appear from cellular automaton relocations Matter exists only in motion --- Generative Velocity - Vg ~ 300 – 600 km/sec (controversial data) y This quantum direction is of medical significance Physics splits in two types of objects Macro objects and separated micro objects in between Bulk bodies are not affected by the unidirectional anisotropy, described by Euclidean Coordinates Newtonian mechanics (1) Isolated particles are affected by the unidirectional anisotropy, characterized by inclination with respect to Vg quantum mechanics (2) Mesoworld --- erratic behavior and the problem of biological complexity 9

Quantum Mechanics foundation: presenting quantum states by complex numbers α Vg v -α -v θ State of a micro object is presented by a three parameters: α - inclination angle of its velocity v with respect to Vg : RANGE - π/2 < α < π/2 Θ - turning angle in the plane orthogonal to Vg: Cyclic mod 2π Sign of α --- is the attribute of spin alleged to intrinsic angular momentum: Complex The pairs <±α), Θ> present quantum state vectors BINARY {α=0} Vector as complex numbers I Ψ > = α • eiΘ Space U Wave-particle duality. Example - free moving particle: 10 Ψ = A exp(i • px • x/ħ) -, real undulations with Θ

A mathematical curiosity Quantum Physicists Find Pi in a Very Strange Place Surprisingly, there's a hidden connection between π and Quantum Mechanics. A formula for the energy states of the hydrogen atom reveals out of Tamar Friedmann and C. R. Hagen, University of Rochester the blue: Quantum mechanical derivation of the Wallis formula for π http: //www. futurity. org/pi-quantum-mechanics-1046522 -2/ JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS 56, 112101 (2015) So, quantum mechanics formalism is a mathematical abstraction Notably, our construction incorporates a range variable: 0. . π/2 11

Modus operandi of quantum mechanics Two processes: covert evolution and overt measurement Cellular automaton particle exists as long as it moves sticking to the Thus, a micro particle --- IΨ > -- moves without a trajectory meaning that it relocates from one place to another by motions whose velocity at certain moments may essentially deviate from the generative velocity Vg; so the particle disappears intermittently until reinstating at one of its composition states, where 1, 2, 3… are the eigenstates of an applied operator, This expression is assume normalized, so the particle collapses in one of the eigenstate, say, n, with the probability Cn 2 The measuring apparatus detecting the corresponding eigenvalue gets in the same eigenstate. Thisl eigenstate is absorbed by macrobody’s Vg, and after some time turns into zero-vector. So, the boundary between quantum and classical phenomena Is determined to the suggested separation of micro and macro worlds The instrumentally created reality of quanrtum mechanics has nothing to do with human consciousness as delineated by the famous Shcrödinger’s Cat Paradox 12

Spin: Quantum effect applied to drifting particles: V << V g Stern-Gerlach apparatus Components of V Orthogonal to Generative Velocity Vg + - Splitting particle beams with inhomogeneous magnetic field The surmised mechanism of spin is sensitive to absolute orientation of the apparatus Various tests of such kind of effects can be unde by putting this apparatus on a turntable 13

Entanglement --- “the greatest mystery in Physics” The Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen paraox The Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen paper ends by saying: While we have thus shown that the wave function does not provide a a complete description of the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not such a description exists. We believe, however, that such a theory is possible. The original EPR effect for velocities is just mildly confusing, yet it becomes completely unacceptable with later reformulation for spins and polarizations <if quantum nonlocality> “is correct, it signifies the end of physics as a science” A. Einstein 14

The EPR paradox for spins and polarizations --- illusion of non locality Photon’s momentum is p= kħ and polarization is associated with its projections; drifting is applied to the measurement apparatus rather than tothe particle; Vg << C. A copy of the experimental A famous allegory of Bertelmann’s socks setup with point symmetry Vg +α Producing the illusion of non-locality The expected values of spin can be precalculated from astronomical stands. This may ompromise using quantum entangelement for secure communication -α 15

Quantum link to non-existing photon Anton Zeilinger, a physicist at the University o agrees that the experiment demonstrates just slippery the concepts of quantum mechanics "It's really neat because it shows more or less quantum events are outside our everyday noti of space and time. " As we’ve covered before, entanglement seems to occur instantly, even if the As for how the Israelis physicists entangled particles are on opposite two photons ends of the universe. that never coexist, the technique is rather This experiment shows how complex. entanglement exists through They start by producing two photons (1 & 2) time, and entangling. them The first photon (1) is as well as space — or, in immediately measured, destroying it and fixing scientific the state of the second photon (2). Now a terms, the non-locality of http: //www. extremetech. com/extreme/ second pair of entangled photons (3 & 4) is 156673 -the-first-quantum-entanglement-ofquantum mechanics in created. hey then use a technique called photons-through-space-and-time 16 spacetime. “projection measurement” to entangle 2 and 3 — which, by association, entangles 1 and 4.

Polarization of photons: quantum effect as a result of drift in measurements: c >>Vg ? Linear polarization is produced by changing directions of photons motion by reflection, refraction, selective absorption, and scattering Vg Vg c Vg Simplest case of correlation 17

Quantum interference –- mystery in its most strange form A phenomenon, which is absolutely impossible to explain in any classical way Ric Photons or particles of matter hard Feynman (like an electron) produce a wave pattern when two slits are used “Interference between two different photons never occurs” ----- Dirac Single particle interference – how can it happen? Unusual physical effect --- short term memory due to quantum --- Every act of quantum measurement leaves an imprint of a quantu The detecting place of the screen falls in the eigenstate - the same as that o Atoms in this place get some inclination to Vg that gradually straightens ou of memory retention is a kind of spin relaxation lasting seconds and even See: Mikael Afzelius, Nicolas Gisin, Hugues de Reidmatten, “Quantum Memory for Photons “, Phyics Tooay, Dec. 2015, pp. 42 -47 18

Testing quantum detection memory Prediction: After a regular two-slit exposure, the same interference pattern should stay when one slit is blocked. Such an effect might have been Daniel L. Alkon, “Either-OR’ Two slit Interference: Stable Coherent Propagation of Photons Through Separate Slits Biophysical Journal, Volume 80, May 2001, 205 already observed Outcomes may depend on the screen material, its temperature, wave lengths, and my be affected by spatial orientation of the apparatus. N. B. Observations may have to be prepared in the 19

What does this imply for Biology? However, Quantum Mechanics does not provide breakthrough for Biology, Biological information processing is Cloud Computing This essential point has to be substantiated 20

Biology in the general picture of Nature Gravitation Large Cosmology Internet of Things Holographic mechanism Biology Complex Quantum mechanics Elementary particle physics Cellular Automaton Infrastructure Small 21

Cellular Automaton Unfolding into the “Internet of Things” Macro --- Cosmology Meso --- Structures and Biology Classical regularity (averaged) Non-classical strangeness (holography feedbacks) Complex Micro --- Quantum mechanics numbers Secondar for quantum y states Holograp Clock pulses of wave trains: 10 -11 sec appear from hic unidi. Mechanis Constituents of Full Spectrum of Stable Elementary Particles rectional m the anisotropy Constant phase stretches for gravity with amplification -- ‘dark matter” material world Driving Rule of Primary driving mechanism mutual synchro nization Cellular Automaton ETh. ER Infra. Structure (CAETERIS) 22

Overview of the Cellular Automata model with the suggested quantum mechanics concept This concept is not an ambiguous interpretation of quantum mechanics, but a comprehensive robust theory that makes clear testable prediction The corner stone of the edifice of quantum mechanics- unidirectional anisotropy of the basic inertial frame of reference corrobo cellular automaton view on the organization of the physical Universe. In this respect, we will overview our Cellular Automaton Model CAETERIS (Cellular Automaton ETher Infa. Structure), Helicoidal and rectify some inaccuracies in the reported publications Propagation- -Drifting 23

X Two types of solutions Vg Helicoidal traveling Z waves - “quasi-particles” Phase change discretization — Y rotation-propagation congruity maximum speed -- c --- Characteristic equation The paradox of instantaneous diffusion --- constant phase stretches Shielded by phase discretization 40 V ~ 10 • c Gravitation with “dark matter’ amplific 24

The complete collection of stable constituents of the material world 25

Quantum mechanics is also applicable to composite semistable particles , like neutron Decayng kernels --- Weak interactions --- noncoservation of parity e- ν p+ ~Vg 26

Quantum Mechanics on Top of the CAETHERIS Local geometry ─ 3 D lattice Radius – 17. 5 b. l. y. Global geometry ─ Hypersurface of 4 D sphere Transformational rule ─ distributed fault-tolerant synchronization Equation for the phase of circular counters : Non-linearity fault-tolerance condition: discretization of phase changes Arbitration protocol to avoid deadlocks: the origin of CPT invariance Dimensionless parameters (artifacts of the design): α=1/137 and ε ~1040 Two classes of solutions: "slow" spiral waves and "fast" diffusion spread Two global periodic cycles: matter formation and diffusional wave trains The origin of Cloud Computing --- establishment of a holographic mechanism Holographic Universe memory with recording in moving spherical layer The global pulse clock rate driving the physical world: 1011 Hz 27 27

The Universe is a Cyber-Physical System combining informational and material processes Holographic Universe COSMOLOGY The very fast diffusion backgound is involved in gravitation and formation of reference beam for the holography process in what is cpnsidered Cosmic Microwave Bakground. This revealed in its anisotropy – “Axis of Evil and “Cold Spot “ Memory medium BIOLOGY Circular counters can perform memory functions by retaining phases of their oscillations, an idea in von Neumann’s Patent 2815488. This memory Is the pivot factor for the interactions of macro- molecules and the organization of Life Material world FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS CAETERIS produces traveling wave solutions that exactly correspond to the whole collection of stable elementary particles of matter electron, proton, photons and three types of neutrinos 28 28

Genome functionality: principle of requisite variety ~ 22, 000 genes ogical information control must comply with "the basic law of requisite variety“: appropriate lection is absolutely dependent on the processing of at least that quantity of information. uture work must respect this law, or be marked as futile even before it has been started" Ashby, W. R. (1962). Principles of the self-organizing system. In H. V. Foster and G. W. Zopf (editors), Principles of Self-Organization, Pergamon Press Oxford, pp. 255 -278. 29

Informational processes in the Holographic universe (1) Permanent writing in the global multilayered memory (2) Temporal fixation of reactions in localized caches Spreadin gactivati on layer Rear pole conjugate reading r Solatem Sys ized Local s cache Front pole reference beam writing Global holographic recording 30

The enigma of “Cold Spot” in CMB evinces the Holographic Universe Holography layer CMB ellipsoid Cold Spot 03 h 15 m − 19° 35′ RS RN Fron Solar system t pole Virgo Cluster 12 h 27 m +12° 43′ Eridanus Also, Anomalous Anisotro Axis-of-Evil • The origin of “Cold Spot” --- CMB view is obstructed by the reference beam • Blueshifted Virgo galaxies are approximately opposite to the “Cold Spot” (tangent vs. chord? ) • Mysterious 'Cold Spot' In The Universe – Where all the biological information processing originates And What's Not There - Puzzles Scientists 31 http: //www. techtimes. com/articles/47527/20150420/mysterious-cold-spot-in-the-universe-and-whats-not-there-puzzles-scien

Behavior of macromolecules as an antithesis to quantum mechanics Small particles Large molecul; es Quantum weirdness Organized behavior Macromolecules must have some property not reducible to conventional phyiscs foresight of P. L. Kapitsa The Future of Science, 1959 Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich (1894 -1984) Russian Physicist, Nobel Laureate 1978 One of the main properties of the living matter – to reproduce itself – may appear as a result of some unknown forces, which are yet unexplainable by the identified laws of physics. Long sequences of atoms may attain this new property, while in singular atoms and simple molecules this property may go unnoticeable Informational aspect in macromolecular chemistry Large molecular aggregates cannot just interact physically --Information Control 32

Analogy in the organization of macromolecule interactions and military battles Command posts Control communications Holographic replicas Information signals Information disparity In vivo and in 33 vitro

The hardest problem in the Universe How the protein” knows” how to fold the right way? Real molecules fold in a fraction of a second, while trying possible combinations would take biliions of years. Thus, capabilities of computational modeling are limited. The presented theory for quantum mechanics suggests an extra possibility of drifting effects. It might be interesting to try it computationally Two types of Protein Folding diseases 1. Collection of insoluble protein plaques Amyloidoses Alzheimer Prions Copying folded proteins Universe “xerox machine” Stage 1 Stage 2 Holography Uncertainty replication randomizati on Stage 3 Closure restoration 2. Lack of a correctly folded protein Cystic fibrosis Cancer 34

Physical influencing on the organism’s control caches Alignment with the determinative quantum direction Does electromagnetic energy cause cancer? Reports on slight increase in children leikemia from high voltage lines, breast cancer risk from electricity, mobile phones –possible cancerogen in humans Biological harm from mere presence of electro-magnetics Facts are mixed up with their interpretation --- Considered EMF are too small But it is the exposure to electricity that may cause biological harm Control caches of macromolecules can be seen as a kind of aura surrounding biological organisms similarly to various speculations of esoteric medicine No known methods have detected aura 35 Suggested actions may reveal various biological effects, starting with the EMF

Analogous physical situation: outcomes just from neighboring without apparent impact The presented effect may influence quantum imprints on the screen The outcomes may be affected by the spatial orientation of the apparatus The given effect supports our before considered approach to medical treatment by acting on control cache memories of biomolecules 36

Overriding the information configurations by aligning with relocating material activities Information Action by Matter (IAM) impact Physical influences on macromolecules control caches that constitute a kind of “aura” surrounding biological organisms can occur as a result of colliding of informational confrgurations with electromagnetic and other material (like nuclear) activities through their corresponding alignments. . Comparing to the aura in esoteric medicine Direction of the absolute motion of the Earth trail a o t n uns i r t c e j ical ob g o l o i A b from s a c i l f o c rep i h p a r n hit s, a c c holog i t s e e n h tromag y’s cac To begin with, the surmised effect for the EMF cancer can be dependably verified, by a prolonged alignment, 37

Mitigating the risk of side effects in treatments with IAM impacts ionizing radiation affects matter, IAM information Temporal detachment of ailing organs Blood processing in auto transfusion Localized application of the alignment 38

Passing through the blood brain barrier Blood brain barrier protects glia interface from extraneous su At the same time, such protection hampers application of rem The suggested IAM impact can reach macromolecule configurations through the blood brain barrier. May be essential for different untreatable neurodegeneration conditions from malformations of proteins, like in Alzheimer’s, “Mad cow” and various other diseases. IAM impact On protein debris 39

Conclusion 1. In accordance with the presented concept of quantum mechanics the essence of Life is not linked to the mysteries of quantum behavior. 2. Proper understanding of the phenomenon of Life requires revision of fundamental physics to uncover intensive Information processing facilities in the Physical world With the given concept of quantum mechanics these facilities can be realized in accordance with the suggested Cellular Automaton model of the Universe 3. Meanwhile, biologists can already adjust their view of living systems in terms of the supposed Internet organization. This may lead to productive developments. Analogously, in the modern World, most people are cognizant of the Internet influences on their existence, although very few of them care about how it does actually work. 40

An example of a typical Internet outcome: Challenging the Scientific method Concerns of Irreproducibility Nature 496, 7 (04 April 2013) --- proposal for promoting replication studies http: //www. nature. com/news/if-a-job-is-worth-doing-it-is-worth-doing-twice-1. 12727 In recent years, biomedical science is plagued by findings that cannot be reproduced Not every paper needs to be medically relevant, but at the very least they should all b Reproducibility separates science from mere anecdote. Nature 487, 432 (26 July 2012) ---mandate ethics methods in papers (!? ) http: //www. nature. com/nature/journal/v 487/n 7408/full/487432 a. html Erratic behavior in the mesoworld Physics Today, Vol. 65, No. 8, August 2012, pp. 29 -35 E. Barkai, Y. Garini, and R. Metzler, “Strange kinetics of single molecules in living cells” Measurements of one molecule may not yield the dynamical behavior of another identical molecule under the same physical conditions and may not be reproducible and invariant under time translation The irreproducibility of time-averaged observables in living cells poses questions for statistical mechanics and reshapes our views on cell biology 41

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