Prof J T Spencer SUPA 1 Forensic Science

Prof. J. T. Spencer SUPA 1 Forensic Science I Copyright © James T. Spencer 2003 -2007 All Rights Reserved

Prof. J. T. Spencer Electron Spin 2 • Electrons have spin properties (spin along axis). Electron spin is quantized N - - Magnetic Fields N ms = + 1/2 or - 1/2

Prof. J. T. Spencer Nuclear Spin 3 • Like electrons, nuclei spin and because of this spinning of a charged particle (positively charged), it generates a magnetic field. Two states are possible for the proton (1 H). N S + + S N

Prof. J. T. Spencer Nuclear Spin 4

Prof. J. T. Spencer Nuclear Spin 5

Prof. J. T. Spencer Nuclear Spin 6 Similar to a canoe paddling either upstream or downstream S Antiparallel Degenerate E N N N S Parallel S N External Magnetic Field S

Prof. J. T. Spencer MRI 7 • Advantages (first three are not really important forensics) – non-invasive. – no ionizing or other “dangerous” radiation (such as X-rays of positrons). – Can be done frequently to monitor progress of treatment. – images soft tissues (only those with hydrogen atoms (almost all “soft” tissues). – images function through the use of contrast media. • Disadvantages – Relatively expensive equipment.

Prof. J. T. Spencer MRI; Hardware 8

Prof. J. T. Spencer MRI; Hardware 9

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Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI and CT 21 The “Virtopsy” focuses on four goals: • Digital imaging methods as main diagnostic tools in forensic pathology – leading to "minimally invasive autopsy" analogous to "keyhole surgery" in clinical medicine. • 3 D measuring technique - reliable, accurate geometric presentation of all forensic findings (the body surface as well as the interior). • 3 D surface scanning in forensic reconstruction (face). • Producing/validating of a biochemical profile to estimate the time of death (PMI)

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI Validating of a post-mortem analysis 22 Complex scull fracture system following motor vehicle accident (victim was overrun by automobile). 3 D reconstructed MSCT image.

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI and CT Facial Reconstructions Egyptian Mummy Head 23 The method uses the tables combined with the warping of a 3 D model of a reference scanned head, until the relevant surface to bone distances are correct. Texture mapping is used to provide colors and aesthetic features.

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI and CT Mummy Facial Reconstruction 24 Model skin (blue) and mummy skull (white) Face shape generated

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI and CT Mummy Facial Reconstruction 25 Texturized model of reconstructed soft tissues of the mummy

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI and CT Virtopsy 26

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Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tut 28

Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tut 29

Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tut 30

Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tutankhamun 31

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Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tut 35

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Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tut • Mummified remains of the pharaoh Tutankhamun in a CT scanner. Determine the cause of Tutankhamun’s death more than 3, 000 years ago. It was the first time since the mummy’s discovery in 1922 that it had been removed from its resting place in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor. 40

Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tutankhamun 41

Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tut 42

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Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tutankhamun 46 • found no evidence for a blow to the back of the head, and no other indication of foul play.

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Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tutankhamun 49 The quartzite head of a princess—possibly Meritaten, the daughter of King Akhenaten—displays an unusual skull shape, most likely a family trait exaggerated by the artistic style of the period. King Tut—her half brother or uncle— definitely had a long, narrow skull, but it was not deliberately deformed. "The Egyptians did not head bind, ” Neither was the shape of Tut's skull the result of disease, say the experts who analyzed the CT images. It simply falls within the normal range of human variation.

Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tutankhamun 50

Prof. J. T. Spencer King Tutankhamun 51

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI Validating of a post-mortem analysis 52 Injury due to vehicle impact in a motor vehicle accident (pedestrian). (right) finding at autopsy; right lower leg showing fracture of the fibula. (left) 3 D reconstructed MSCT;

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI/CT 53 • Used to reconstruct facial images from skulls. Use for ancient mummies to modern skulls. • Allows a very fine discrimination between materials with different densities providing an enormous amount of information about the mummy and its skeleton. • The level of automation reached in building models from CT data, reconstruction, texture application and visualization allow to the user to complete whole process in 2 -3 hours on a PC or graphic workstation.

Prof. J. T. Spencer Forensic MRI and CT Virtopsy 54