Producers Chapter 14 Interactions With Communities Herbivores Decomposers

Producers Chapter 14 Interactions With Communities Herbivores Decomposers Carnivores

1. What are consumers? �Organisms that cannot make their own energyrich molecules. �Herbivores �Carnivores �Omnivores �Decomposers

2. Types of Consumers A. Primary Consumers – Herbivores, plant or insect diet. Ex: Deer, Squirrels, Butterfly, Warbler, Frogs B. Secondary Consumers – Omnivores. Plant, insect or meat diet. Usually scavengers and will eat anything available. Ex: Raccoon, Crow, Fox, C. Tertiary Consumers – Carnivores. Ex: Bobcat, Bear, Panther.

3. What are producers? �An organism that uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to make energy-rich molecules. �Photosynthesis � Chlorophyll energy. converts Sun �Chemosynthesis � Inorganic materials provide energy.

4. What are decomposers? �An organism that breaks down organic material to gain energy-rich molecules (food). � Bacteria �Fungi/Mold �Worms, snails, slugs, etc.

5. Symbiotic Relationships �Symbiosis: A close relationship between species that is not solely based on food. Two organisms that live together: • Temporarily or for a longer time • At least one of the organisms benefit from the relationship • 3 Types of symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism • Predation vs. Competition

6. Types of Symbiosis �Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. �Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected. �Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed

7. Parasitism �Causes harm to host �The parasite benefits, the host is harmed or in some cases killed.

8. Commensalism �Only one member benefits �sharing space, defense, shelter, food �Neither will die if relationship is ended �Shrimp & sea cucumber The Shrimp hitch a ride on the large sea cucumbers. The shrimps get transported through a large area of potential food by their host with only a minimal expenditure of energy on their part. They can be observed getting off their host cucumber to feed in productive areas, and back on for a ride to the next spot! http: //www. msstarship. com/science new/symbiosis. htm

9. Mutualism �Both organisms derive mutual benefit �Neither can survive without the other �Tickbirds and rhinos

8. What is a niche? �Niche: An organisms role in its environment, how it obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its young and avoids danger. �Often have adaptations that give them an advantage in their environment � Ex: barn owl & bald eagle, leopards & lions

Zombie Caterpillars -Slave Bodyguard � Glyptapanteles is a wasp that lays its eggs in the body of a caterpillar. � This is a three layered parasitic infection. � The wasps disable the caterpillar’s immune system, allowing the wasp eggs to survive. � The eggs hatch and feed on the caterpillar, but do not kill it. Instead, the caterpillar stops developing and spends the rest of its life protecting the wasp larva, even going as far as spinning its own cocoon around the wasp pupae. � When the adult wasp emerges from its cocoon, the zombie caterpillar finally tastes the sweet release of death.

Good Buddies Symbiotic Relationships *You will play a card game using these relationships. *The following will help you recognize the relationship type.

Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection Anemone is unaffected Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

Cactus Wren & Cholla Cactus �Cactus wren �builds its nest in a cholla cactus to protect its young from predators such as raven. There is no harm to the cactus. Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

Buffalo & Oxpecker �Buffalo �Lets the bird eat �Oxpecker �Eats ticks and other parasites off skin �Warns buffalo of danger Mutualism: both benefit

Honey Bee & the Dandelion �Honey bee � gets to eat the pollen from the flower. �Dandelion �uses the bee to spread its pollen to another flower Mutualism: both benefit

Shark and Remora Fish �Shark �Lets the fish eat �Remora Fish �Eats parasites �Gets the shark’s leftovers Mutualism: both benefit

Hermit Crab & Sea Anemone �Hermit crab �protects the crab �Sea anemone �Gets leftover food http: //www. ms-starship. com/sciencenew/symbiosis. htm Mutualism: both benefit

Crocodile & Bird �Nile crocodile � Usually eats animals � Allows bird to walk around its mouth �Crocodile bird � Cleans parasites in croc’s teeth � Removes and eats scraps of food � Eats harmful leeches and parasites Mutualism: both benefit

Moray Eel with Cleaner Shrimp Zebra Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Shrimp gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit

Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit