Processes Part 2 Processes Part 2 In the

Processes Part 2

Processes Part 2 In the last slide show we looked at Residualisms, which leave scattered traces in modern dialects. We now turn to more prominent processes (Wells 3. 1 Residualisms continued)

More Prominent Processes • FOOT-STRUT Split • NURSE Merger • Pre-Fricative Lengthening - BATH Broadening and CLOTH Raising • Yod Dropping • Long Mid Diphthonging

More Prominent Processes • FOOT-STRUT Split • NURSE Merger • Pre-Fricative Lengthening - BATH Broadening and CLOTH Raising • Yod Dropping • Long Mid Diphthonging

Some evidence that the original change was blocked by preceeding bilabial: thus cut but not put (but putt, punter) rush but not butcher (but but, butter, much)

blood good

More words in this group: mood boot doom root tooth roof food good book shook took look foot wood stood blood flood This group of words includes many words now spelt with single o: mother, brother, other Old English form: mód gód rót bóc fót blód flód móðor, bróðor, óðer Many of these words have the vowel ó in Icelandic: móður góður blóð dóm rót fóður góður blóð fótur móðir bróðir

blood m other good other

Other strut words spelt with o instead of u were originally spelt with u: son come love < OE sunu, cuman, lufian - It may be that the spelling with o was a scribal device to make it easy to read the minims

sunu cuman blood m other so n co m e good blood mother son come

http: //www. hi. is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/footstrut. html

More Prominent Processes • FOOT-STRUT Split • NURSE Merger • Pre-Fricative Lengthening - BATH Broadening and CLOTH Raising • Yod Dropping • Long Mid Diphthonging

http: //www. hi. is/~peturk/ KENNSLA/87/VARS/Nu rse. Merger. html

• In British accents, this did not happen if r was followed by a vowel: hurry spirit very • In American accents a Second NURSE Merger has occurred: hurry furry • And in Am. accents there have been other mergers of vowels before intervocalic r: marry merry Mary

More Prominent Processes • FOOT-STRUT Split • NURSE Merger • Pre-Fricative Lengthening - BATH Broadening and CLOTH Raising • Yod Dropping • Long Mid Diphthonging

1 lengthening only (BATH and CLOTH Lengthening) staff bath pass ask off cloth lost frost 2 phonemic splits: (BATH Broadening, CLOTH Raising) lexically inconsistent

• Lexically inconsistent. • Leading eventually to: • BATH-TRAP Split • CLOTH-LOT Split

http: //www. hi. is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/trapbath. html

( ) The TRAP vowel Old English 1000 ……………. Middle English 1500…………. . Modern Southern English + American, S. Hemisphere… Modern Northern English + Scotland, Wales, Ireland …. [æ] [a] [a] is the “Continental” a : der Mann, sandur, place, piazza, mañana …… Practice: æ a

More Prominent Processes • FOOT-STRUT Split • NURSE Merger • Pre-Fricative Lengthening - BATH Broadening and CLOTH Raising • Yod Dropping • Long Mid Diphthonging

• Early Yod Dropping chute chew juice yew rude crew shrew grew blue flute flew glue

• Generalized Yod Dropping

Later Yod Dropping is American:

For Yod Dropping and Yod Coalescence, see http: //www. hi. is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/Yod. Etc. html

More Prominent Processes • FOOT-STRUT Split • NURSE Merger • Pre-Fricative Lengthening - BATH Broadening and CLOTH Raising. • Yod Dropping • Long Mid Diphthonging

(GVS again):

http: //www 3. hi. is/~peturk /KENNSLA/87/VARS/ Long. Mid. Diph. html

Note that this variable may be combined with the Long Mid Mergers (last slide: Processes 1). LMM combines: pane and pain, daze and days, toe and tow , nose and knows. Where LMM has NOT occurred, LMD may apply to only ONE of the pair. This means that we may have: - or other combinations (see Processes 1)

Divide: In N. Amer. , Austral. , etc. : A ridge or line of high ground forming the division between two river valleys or systems; a watershed; the Great (Continental) Divide, that of the Rocky Mountains; fig. a dividing or boundary line; spec. the boundary between life and death Wells uses the term to mean the juncture when British and American English began to go their separate ways.

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Wells Chapter 3 Middle English 1400 Wells 3. 1 Residualisms "The Great Divide" Wells 3. 2 British prestige innovations Wells 3. 4 Later British innvoations 1600 Wells 3. 3 Some American innvoations