Problem identification Research questions Constructs Variables Research design

Problem identification Research questions Constructs & Variables Research design

Randomized experiments l l Controlling and manipulating variables Random assignment Independent vars vary within and between subjects Threats to internal validity l l l Selection / selection by maturation Maturation History Instumentation Mortality

Classification of research l Quantitative l Experimental l Non-experimental l l l Correlational Ex Post Facto Longitudinal / Cross-sectional / Cohort sequential Survey Natural / systematic observation Meta-analysis Qualitative (negative case analysis) l Phenomenology l In-depth interview l Ethnografic l Participant observation l Case study Experimental Descriptive

Basic research designs Research Design Exploratory Research Design Conclusive Research Design Descriptive Research Survey Data Observational & Other Data Causal Research Experimental Data

Experimentation as Conclusive Research Descriptive Causal Experimentation Field Experiments Laboratory Experiments

A Classification of Experimental Designs Pre Experimental • One-Shot Case Study • One Group Pretest. Posttest • Static Group True Experimental • Pretest-Posttest Control Group • Posttest-Only Control Group Statistical Factorial Design Quasi-Experimental • Time Series • Multiple Time Series