Probability for Machine Learning Foundations of Algorithms and

Probability for Machine Learning Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 1

Probabilistic Machine Learning • Not all machine learning models are probabilistic • … but most of them have probabilistic interpretations • Predictions need to have associated confidence • Confidence = probability • Arguments for probabilistic approach • • Complete framework for Machine Learning Makes assumptions explicit Recovers most non-probabilistic models as special cases Modular: Easily extensible Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 2

References • “Introduction to Probability Models”, Sheldon Ross • “Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists”, Sheldon Ross • “Introduction To Probability”, Dimitri P. Bertsekas, John N. Tsitsiklis Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 3

Basics • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 4

Random Variables • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 5

Discrete Random Variables • Probability mass function Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 6

Example distributions: Discrete • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 7

Continuous Random Variables • Probability density function Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 8

Example density functions • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 9

Random Variables • Cumulative distribution function Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 10

Moments • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 11

Random Vectors and Joint Distributions • Discrete Random Vector • Joint pmf • Continuous Random Vector • Joint pdf Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 12

Example multi-variate distributions • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 13

Random Vectors and Joint Distributions • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 14

Conditional Probability • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 15

Conditional Probability • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 16

Independence and Conditional Independence • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 17

Covariance • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 18

Central Limit Theorem • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 19

Notions from Information Theory • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 20

Jensen’s Inequality • Foundations of Algorithms and Machine Learning (CS 60020), IIT KGP, 2017: Indrajit Bhattacharya 21
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