Prisoners Dilemma In January 1950 Melvin Dresher and

수인의 딜레마(Prisoner’s Dilemma) • In January 1950 Melvin Dresher and Merrill Flood (드레셔, 메릴)carry out, at the Rand Corporation(랜드 코퍼레이션), the experiment which introduced the game now known as the Prisoner's Dilemma. • The famous story associated with this game is due to A. W. Tucker, A Two-Person Dilemma, (memo, Stanford University). 각색 • Merrill Flood's report, (Rand Corporation research memorandum, Some Experimental Games, RM 789, June), on the 1950 Dresher/Flood experiments appears. • 수인의 딜레마란 두 완전히 합리적인 플레이어가 협력하는 것이 서로에게 최선(게임의 결과 가장 큰 이득을 얻을 수 있다는 의미에서)임에도 불구하고 협력하지 않는 상황 • The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely "rational" individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so.

용어 • Simultaneous or Sequential 동시 축차 • 동시 게임은 플레이어가 동시에 전략을 선택하는 반면, 축차 게임은 순서대로 전략을 선택 • Single Play(One short) vs. Iterated, repeated(finite or infinite) 일회성 반복 • Symmetric or Asymmetric 대칭 비대칭 • 대칭은 플레이어의 이득이 동일, 비대칭은 플레이어의 이득이 상이 • 기타 • TU(transferrable utility) or NTU(non-transferrable utility) 양도 가능, 비 양도 가능 • Discrete and continuous, differential games 이산, 연속, 미분 • Many-player and population games 다수 플레이어, 인구 • Representation of games • Normal form, Extensive form, Coalition form 표준형, 전개형, 결탁형

협력 게임, 경제학 노벨상, 2005 • "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis“ • Aumann: [. . . ] 컴퓨터 과학 분야에는 많은 프로세서가 있는 분산 컴퓨팅이 있다. 문제는 수십만 개가 될 수 있는 이 프로세서의 작 업을 조정하여 각 프로세서가 자체 작업을 수행하게 할 수 있는가에 있다. • In computer science we have distributed computing, in which there are many different processors. The problem is to coordinate the work of these processors, which may number in the hundreds of thousands, each doing its own work. • Hart: That is, how processors that work in a decentralized way reach a coordinated goal. • Yisrael Robert John Aumann ( ( )ישראל אומן born June 8, 1930) is an Israeli mathematician and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. He works at the Center for the Study of Rationality in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. • Aumann's greatest contribution was in the realm of repeated games • Aumann used Game Theory also to analyze Talmudic dilemmas. He was able to solve the mystery about the "division problem", a long-time dilemma of explaining the Talmudic rationale in dividing the heritage of a late husband to his three wives, depending on the worth of the heritage (compared to its original worth). 탈무드 딜레마를 해결 • Thomas C. Schelling • 1960 Publication of Thomas C. Schelling's The Strategy of Conflict 갈등의 전략. 포컬 포인트 the idea of a focal-point effect.

진화 게임 Evolutionary game • 진화 게임이론 evolutionary game theory 은 시행착오에 의한 학습 과정 a trial-and-error learning process을 통해 플레이어들이 보다 나는 전략을 세대를 이어가며 선택한다고 가정, 게임 이 계속 반복되면서 낮은 이득을 가져오는 전략은 도태되고 안정적인 균형을 얻게 된다. • 모든 플레이어가 완전히 합리적(rational)이고 게임의 세부 사항에 대해 완전한 지식(knowledge)을 가지고 있다고 가정하는 전통적인 게임 이론 모델과 차이 • https: //en. wikiquote. org/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory • 1871 In the first edition of his book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex Charles Darwin gives the first (implicitly) game theoretic argument in evolutionary biology. • The first explicit application to evolutionary biology was by R. C. Lewontin in Evolution and the Theory of Games. 1961 • The concept of an 진화적 안정 게임 Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS), was introduced to evolutionary game theory by John Maynard Smith in an essay 게임 이론과 격투의 진화 Game Theory and The Evolution of Fighting. 1972