PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING q Principle of contribution to

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING q. Principle of contribution to objectives q. Principle of primacy of planning q. Principle of pervasiveness q. Principle of alternatives q. Principle of flexibility q. Principle of timing q. Principle of limiting factor q. Principles of navigational change q. Principles of competitive strength and commitment

ORGANISING Introduction: After the objectives determined &plan is prepared the next management process is to organise the activitiesto execute the plan and to attain the objectives. so, organising is the managerial function performed after planning. Meaning: The term is used in sense as a group of persons working together or as a structure of relationships or as process of management. Definition: Theo Haimann, “Organising is the process of defining and groupingthe activities of the enterprise and establishing authority relationships among them”.

CONTINUATION. . . . Ø Ø Ø Ø Koontz and O’Donnell, ”Organisation involves the grouping of activities necessary to accomplish goals and plans, the assignment of these activities to appropriate departments and the provision for authority, delegation and co-ordination”. Nature and characteristics: Management process Concerned with group of people Homogeneous groups of activities Division ofwork Integration or co-ordination Accomplishment of the goals Authority- responsibility relationships

PLANNING PROCESS § § § Steps involved: Identifying the opportunity or problem Identify the problem & seize the opportunity like market competition, customerpreferences, strengths and weaknessses of the organisations Setting up of objectives Set as a whole as aend result tobe achieved. It must be specific, realistic and measurable. Collection & Analysis of information Adequate information as to be collected on the type of activity to be planned & then as to be analysed for interpretation( cause-effect relationship) Establishing planning premises Certain assumptions which suppliespertinents facts & information relevant to the future, such as population trends, general economic conditions, production costs & prices, possible competitors behaviour, availability of capital and material , Governmental control, etc. , Identification of alternatives