Principles of Maritime Energy Management Content Shipping contributes

Principles of Maritime Energy Management

Content Shipping contributes to Climate Change The Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator, EEOI The Energy Efficiency Design Index, EEDI Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan, SEEMP 2

ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standard NATIONAL SEMINAR ON STANDARDS FOR QUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT 22 nd and 23 rd June, 2011

Energy Management “The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions” “The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems”

Objectives of Energy Management Ø To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization, throughout the organization Ø To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality Ø To reduce import dependency Ø To enhance energy security, economic competitiveness, and environmental quality

The weight of Energy savings compared to other technologies Global CO 2 emissions forecast, G. tons CO 2 / year

ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standard. Introduction ISO 50001 - the International Standard for Energy Management Systems (En. MS) This Draft International Standard was released in April 2010 and may be ready for publication by mid-2011. Energy Management Systems offers a comprehensive and structured approach for energy efficiency improvement. ISO/FDIS 50001: 2011(E) defines En. MS as “set of interrelated or interacting elements to establish an energy policy and energy objectives, and processes and procedures to achieve those objectives “ Applicable to any organization, whatever the size, industry or geographical location An organization embracing ISO 50001 is likely to further accelerate adoption of energy efficiency practices and to continuously improve its energy performance and cost.

ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standard. Introduction ( contd. ) Application of the standard can be tailored to fit the requirements of the organization, including degree of documentation, resources and complexity of the system This International Standard can be used certification/registration and/or self-declaration of organization's energy management system. for an The fact that it's based on measurement and verification will help organization stay on track to meet their declared energy policies. Adoption of ISO 50001 by any organization will: • Reduce energy bills • Make manufacturing more sustainable • Promotes energy efficiency throughout the supply chain • Helps in meeting National GHG reduction targets

Need for ISO 50001 Need to minimize fossil fuel use and mitigate GHG Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas make up the bulk of the India’s primary energy sources and, their consumption is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, leading to concerns about global warming if not used efficiently. Need to adopt Energy Management. With India’s demand for energy growing, the need to adopt alternative approaches (like increased energy efficiency, renewable energy, etc. ) to meet energy demand is also growing. Just in this respect, ‘Energy Management’ comes on the scene, which although is not new to India, yet its penetration and adoption is slow due to various reasons.

ISO 50001 -En. MS Requirement ISO 50001 specifies requirements for an organization to establish, implement, maintain and improve an energy management system. Specifies energy management system (En. MS) to : • develop and implement an energy policy, • establish objectives, targets, and action plans which take into account legal requirements This International Standard specifies requirements for all factors affecting: • energy supply, uses and consumption • measurement, documentation and reporting, • design and procurement practices for energy using equipment, processes, systems, and personnel. ISO 50001 does not prescribe specific performance criteria with respect to energy

Demings “Circle” EEOI, EEDI & SEEMP ΙΟΎΝΙΟς 2012 © Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved.

Plan - Do - Check – Act (PDCA) ISO 50001 is based on the Plan - Do - Check - Act (PDCA) continual improvement framework and incorporates energy management practices into everyday organizational activities. As per ISO/FDIS 50001: 2011(E): • �Plan: conduct the energy use assessment, establish the baseline, energy performance indicators (En. PIs), objectives, targets and action plans necessary to deliver results that will improve energy performance (measurable results related to energy efficiency, use and consumption) in line with the organization's energy policy; • �Do: implement the energy management action plans; • �Check: monitor and measure processes and the key characteristics of operations that determine energy performance against the energy policy and objectives, and report the results; • �Act: take actions to continually improve energy performance and the En. MS.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODEL FOR ISO 50001 CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT ENERGY POLICY ENERGY PLANNING MANAGEMENT REVIEW IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION INTERNAL AUDIT CHECKING CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS MONITORING, MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS

Plan q ENERGY POLICY ISO/FDIS 50001 defines Energy Policy as “Statement by the organization of its overall intentions, and direction of an organization related to its energy performance, as formally expressed by top management. ” The energy policy provides a framework for action and for the setting of energy objectives and energy targets and is documented, communicated, and understood well within the organization. Appropriate to the scale and nature of the organization energy use. Availability of necessary resources and support. Commitment to comply with applicable regulations and other requirements. Setting and reviewing of energy objectives and targets. Supports the purchase of energy efficient technology and services. In India, energy policy declaration by an organization is seen as a top management commitment to continual improvement of organization's energy performance

Energy Conservation Approach Reduce specific consumption of energy by 2% every year over next ten years Intent To lessen the burden on the environment by reducing energy on a continuous basis and conserve natural resources. Requirements Implement the following fundamental practices related to energy consumption in our organization. These practices have to be taken up on a continuous basis. 1. Monitor energy and water consumption for the whole plant with section wise breakup 2. Establish specific energy (k. Wh or k. Cal or k. L / ton or unit of production) 3. Develop an in house programme to sustain energy conservation activities in the plant.

Plan (contd. ) q ENERGY PLANNING Consistent with energy policy and has the following activities: • Energy review- determination of Energy performance for identification of energy saving opportunities • Energy baseline- establishing basis for energy performance comparison. • Energy performance indicators (En. PIs)- setting En. PIs, measure of energy performance. • Objectives- establishing, implementing and maintaining documented energy objectives. • Targets- setting targets consistent with the objectives. • Action plans- formulating action plans to achieve objectives and targets, legal/ regulations and other requirements and shall include: • �designation of responsibility; • �the means and time frame by which individual targets are to be achieved; • � a statement of the method by which an improvement in energy performance shall be verified; • �a statement of the method of verifying the results.

Do q IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION • Organization to use the action plans and other outputs resulting from the planning process for implementation and operations and would require: • Competence, training and awareness of work force on their role, responsibilities and duties • Communicate internally with workforce on energy performance, En. MS and establish a process through which suggestions can be invited to improve En. MS • Records and document of the implementation and operation of the En. MSscope and boundaries, energy policy , objectives , targets, action plan and other documents as required • Operational Controls of those operation and maintenance activities related to significant use of energy • Design of new, modified and renovated facilities, equipment, systems and processes that can have a significant impact on energy performance. • Procurement of energy efficient products, services and energy. .

Check q MONITORING , MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS • Key characteristics of operations that determine energy performance are monitored, measured analysed at planned intervals Corrective and preventive actions • Significant energy uses and other outputs. • Energy Performance Indicators (En. PIs). • Effectiveness of Action plans. • Energy measurement plan. • Evaluation and correction of deviations of the energy performance. • Control of records.

Check (contd. ) q INTERNAL AUDIT • Conduct internal audits to ensure that Management System(En. MS) confirms to: • planned arrangements for energy management • energy objectives and targets established; • effective implementation Energy

Act q MANAGEMENT REVIEW Top management shall review the organization's En. MS to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. Inputs for review will include: • Calendar of review. • Records. • Follow-up actions from previous management reviews. • Energy policy. • Energy Performance Indicators(En. PIs). • Legal compliance and other requirements. • Energy objectives and targets. • Results of the audit. q CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS. • Projected energy performance. • Recommendations for improvement. • Resources.

Act q Continual Improvement A recurring process which results in enhancement of overall energy • • performance and the En. MS Output of Management Review will include: Changes in the energy policy. Changes in the En. PIs. Changes in the targets, goals and objectives. Allocation of resources.

Comparison between ISO 50001, ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 • • • ISO 50001 is proposed to be in line with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards that address quality management and environmental management issues. ISO 50001 is based on the same Plan-Do-Check-Act approach of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 and it draws extensively on the structure and content of the QMS and EMS. Implementation of ISO 9001 means what the organization does to fulfill the customer's quality requirements, and applicable regulatory requirements, while aiming to enhance customer satisfaction, Implementation of ISO 14001 means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and to achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance. Similarly ISO 50001 implementation is expected to address what the organization does to effectively manage energy resources and performance that is relevant to global standards.

ISO 50001 in Indian Context India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act in 2001, which has been amended in 2010 The five major provisions of EC Act relate to: Designated Consumers (mainly energy intensive industries) to comply with the specific energy consumption norms for the manufactured products and services and establishment of energy management system, Standard and Labeling of energy consuming appliances, gadgets and equipment to ensure promotion of energy efficiency of the new stocks entering the market Energy Conservation Building Codes ensuring that new commercial buildings constructed in the country have less electricity consumption Creation of Institutional Set up (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) for effective coordination of the energy conservation efforts in the country and Establishment of Energy Conservation Fund at Centre and States to provide necessary financial support for energy efficiency initiatives in the country. Energy efficiency institutional practices and programs in India are now mainly being guided through various voluntary and mandatory provisions of the Energy Conservation Act

ISO 50001 in Indian Context (contd. ) The National Action Plan on Climate Change was released by Honorable Prime Minister of India in June 2008 The Action Plan Outlines 8 Missions including National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) The basic objective of the NMEEE mission is to ensure a sustainable growth by an approximate mix of 4 E’s, namely- Energy, Efficiency, Equity and Environment In one of the four components of NMEEE, namely, Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT), energy baseline parameters and energy saving targets are being fixed for 8 sectors of energy intensive industry including Thermal Power Stations under EC Act (amended) PAT process has really made aware the manufacturing sector to how to establish energy performance baseline, normalized energy performance indicators, targets fixation process and action plans to achieve targets.

ISO 50001 in Indian Context (contd. ) In order to achieve the targets, as set , the plant is required to have a strong energy management system , well defined energy policy and qualified human resource. More than 200 industrial units and other establishments have already declared their energy policy and have certified energy managers and energy auditors. India has now about 8414 Certified Energy Managers, out of which 6073 are also qualified as Certified Energy Auditors, from the previous 11 examinations conducted by Bureau of Energy Efficiency since 2004. These professionally qualified energy managers and energy auditors have expertise in energy management, project management, financing and implementation of energy efficiency projects, and policy analysis In view of the above , it may be relatively easier for Indian industry to adopt ISO 50001 Standard

CONCLUSIONS q A new international ISO 50001 standard, applicable to any organization whatever the size, industry or geographical location, will benchmark energy management, and establish a framework for organization to manage energy use efficiently. q It is estimated that the standard could influence up to 60 percent of the world’s energy use. q This International Standard is based on the Plan-Do-Check. Act continual improvement framework and incorporates energy management in organization practices. q It does not establish absolute requirements for energy performance beyond the commitments in the energy policy of the organization and its obligation to comply with relevant legislation.

CONCLUSIONS q Developing Best Practice Guides on sector specific energy conservation technologies and methodologies will facilitate the implementation of ISO 50001 q ISO 50001 is designed to be used independently, but can be aligned or integrated with other management systems (e. g. , ISO 9001 and 14001). q ISO 50001 will be a voluntary system, but may tend to become de facto essential requirement as rapid uptake by competitors will drive non-participating organizations to adopt it as well. q An organization embracing ISO 50001 is likely to further accelerate adoption of energy efficiency practices and to continuously improve its energy performance and cost.

Shipping contributes to Climate Change 34

Shipping is an increasing contributor to Climate Change, but the improvement potential is large In 2007, the CO 2 emissions from shipping where 847 M ton, or 2. 7% of total global GHG emissions This is projected to increase to 6% of total global emissions in 2020 Improved ship design can reduce the emissions to 10 – 50% Improved operational arrangements could reduce another 10 – 50% IMO GHG Study (2009) Relative importance of GHG emissions Sources Gases Relative importance (climate factor * shipping average amount) Engines/Boilers CO 2 10 000 CH 4 1 N 2 O 80 Refrigerants HCFC/HFC 30 Cargo (Tankers) CH 4 in VOC (2%) 75 37

Shipping emissions The shipping industry contributes with double the amount of GHG as to aviation Vessels sailing the major trading routes are largely contributing to GHG emissions

Typical CO 2 efficiencies today Crude LNG General Cargo Reefer Chemical Bulk Container LPG Product Ro. Ro/Vehicle Rail Road 0 50 100 39 150 g CO 2 / ton*km 200 250 300

Grounds for concern… Scenarios for CO 2 emissions from International Shipping from 2007 to 2050 in the absence of climate policies CO 2 emissions from ships (million tons CO 2 / yr) 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 A 1 FI A 1 B A 1 T A 2 B 1 B 2 Max Min 3000 2000 1000 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 40 2050

Gt CO 2 emissions international shipping Cutting CO 2 emissions from business as usual Known measures; most already cost-effective Business as usual scenario More expensive or breakthrough technologies CO 2 emission targets 41

EEOI Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator 43

Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator – EEOI MEPC. 1/Circ. 684 “Guidance for Voluntary Use of the Ship Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI)” CO 2 Indicator targeted for Ship Owners usage Index calculation based on: - Total fuel consumption - Actual distance traveled (from log book) - Cargo mass or alternative cargo unit 44

Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) Management tool to monitor the CO 2 emission performance of ships, or fleets, with regards to CO 2 emissions. Directly relates the ratio of mass of CO 2 emitted per unit transport work. EEOI = Mass of CO 2/(transport work) It offers a high level energy efficiency reference on the overall level (total emissions), enabling internal benchmarking of the organisation’s performance (incl. commercial) - However to effectively manage energy usage, this must be supported by more targeted performance monitoring Offers opportunities for: - quality control / Improved data reporting, recording and assessment, - benchmarking of performance, and - overview of total emissions Daily • Q/A of data • Trending Sea Passage • Same cargo mass • Benchmarking Voyage • Benchmarking Yearly • Total emissions • CR reporting • Benchmarking

Several reasons for index value variations Ship size / type Cargo requirements Utilization of cargo space Speed Length of ballast (repositioning) voyages Differences in port stay / cargo operation inclusion Ship condition (engine condition, hull and propeller fouling, etc) Weather and currents Errors in measurement and registration 46

EEOI – the details Objective – to provide an indicator for the energy efficiency of a ship in operation Only recommendatory in nature, however, impact of future political developments uncertain Applies to all ships doing transportation work, intended to cover all cargo types Carbon conversion factors pre-defined for various fuel types Cargo mass term flexible; expressed as metric tonnes, TEU, passengers, car units, lane meters, railway cars, freight vehicles etc. Distance sailed is actual distance over ground Voyage defined as period from departure from one port to the departure from next. Alternative definitions are accepted Rolling average calculations are accepted 47

Establishing an EEOI The EEOI should be representative of the energy efficiency of the ship in operation and be measured over a consistent period of time, which represents the overall trading pattern of the vessel. In order to establish the EEOI, the following main steps are described as being needed. 1. define the period for which the EEOI is calculated*; 2. define data sources for data collection; 3. collect data; 4. convert data to appropriate format; and 5. calculate EEOI * Ballast voyages, as well as voyages which are not used for transport of cargo, such as voyage for docking service, should be included. Voyages for the purpose of securing the safety of a ship or saving life at sea should be excluded.

Calculation example 49

Using the EEOI as a benchmarking tool Estimated EEOI for vessel - ~6500 dwt General Cargo (5000 -10000 dwt general cargo segment) Fleet segment 100 day rolling average Daily EEOI 14, 0 100 day rolling average EEOI (grams per tonne*nm) 12, 0 10, 0 8, 0 6, 0 4, 0 26. 05. 2007 19. 05. 2007 12. 05. 2007 28. 04. 2007 21. 04. 2007 14. 04. 2007 07. 04. 2007 31. 03. 2007 24. 03. 2007 17. 03. 2007 10. 03. 2007 24. 02. 2007 17. 02. 2007 10. 02. 2007 03. 02. 2007 27. 01. 2007 20. 01. 2007 13. 01. 2007 06. 01. 2007 30. 12. 2006 23. 12. 2006 16. 12. 2006 09. 12. 2006 02. 12. 2006 25. 11. 2006 18. 11. 2006 04. 11. 2006 28. 10. 2006 21. 10. 2006 14. 10. 2006 07. 10. 2006 30. 09. 2006 23. 09. 2006 16. 09. 2006 0, 0 By gathering data over longer period trends can be identified Rolling average to be calculated over a longer period – IMO recommends at least 1 year or 6 -10 voyages Example above shows how a ship can be compared with itself and a group of ships 50

Benchmarking ships, fleets, operational modes 90 Total Fleet: Voyage - Dept to Dept 80 Total Fleet: Voyage - Dept to Arrival Total Fleet: Voyage - Sea Voyages g CO 2 / (t Cargo*nm) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ship Ship Ship Ship Ship Ship Ship 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Room for improvement EEOI – as a framework for efficiency measurements / benchmarks - may provide a driver for efficiency improvements Average marginal CO 2 reduction cost per reduction option on world fleet Voyage execution 40 Boiler consumption reduction Engine monitoring Auxiliary power reduction 20 Cost per tonne CO 2 averted ($/tonne) Optimal trim 0 -20 Wind power -40 Fleet optimization and speed reduction Weather routing -60 Hull condition Propulsion efficiency devices -80 Propeller efficiency -100 0 50 100 150 200 CO 2 reduction (mill tonnes per year) Baseline: 925 MT 52

Industry concerns… Great leeway in definition of index terms complicates comparison based on indicator value only Actual change in CO 2 emissions not necessarily reflected by change in indicator value Voluntary calculation may lead to mandatory regulation, regionally or internationally 53

EEDI Energy Efficiency Design Index 54

IMO - Energy Efficiency Design Index MEPC. 1/Circ. 681 “Interim Guidelines on the Method of Calculation of the Energy Efficiency Design Index for New Ships” MEPC. 1/Circ. 682 “Interim Guidelines for Voluntary Verification of the Energy Efficiency Design Index” 55

EEDI Where: The EEDI can be calculated and verified for all new ships of the ship type categories as listed in the table below. The calculations will be based on the ship main characteristics and engine performance also with the design speed power curve adjusted with the sea trial data provided by the builder Why: The purpose of the EEDI is to establish the minimum efficiency of new ships depending on ship type and size, provide a fair basis for comparison and to stipulate the development of more efficient ships in general. Verification of EEDI is voluntary today but is expected to be mandatory in (near) future (MEPC. 61). When: Tentative entry into force dates and reduction rates for the ship type segments covered by the EEDI: Assuming adoption at MEPC 62– entry into force in 2013

New requirements on CO 2 from 2013 After protracted negotiations the MEPC voted to adopt amendments to MARPOL Annex VI with entry into force 1 January 2013, making the EEDI and SEEMP mandatory subject to provisions described below. - The EEDI requirements will apply to new ships above 400 GT only, where "new ship" means a ship: - for which the building contract is placed on or after 1 January 2013; or - in the absence of a building contract, the keel of which is laid or which is at a similar stage of construction on or after 1 July 2013; or - the delivery of which is on or after 1 July 2015 - A SEEMP will have to be present aboard all vessels at the first renewal or intermediate survey after 1 January 2013, when an International Energy Efficiency Certificate will be issued. 57

The Principles Behind the EEDI Clear parallel to the millage standard in the automotive industry, but also taking the “benefit to society” (i. e. useful work capacity) into account. Attained design CO 2 index Environmental cost Benefit for society In more specific terms…. Attained design CO 2 index CF SFC P Capacity Vref The index is measured as grams CO 2 / capacity * nautical mile Baselines can be defined to compare different designs 58

The Formula - Explained The basic principle is retained but complexity increased Minor adjustments can be expected but no major changes Calculation methods for diesel-electric and hybrid propulsion systems to be further explored, expected finalized in 2013 No guidelines on weather factor fw at present Guidelines on CO 2 abatement technologies (Peff) to be developed 59

Reference lines (Baselines) Reference lines derived for defined fleet segments (1998 - 2007) through data filtering and regression analysis Reference lines form the basis for requirements per ship type, a. k. a ”Required Design Index”. Precise level of ”Required Design Index” is a political decision ”Attained Index” for specific ships to be calculated per ship on design data, and to be less than ”Required Index”. Reference lines and Attained Design Index calculated by same formula, but with correction factors set to 1. 0 for baseline 60

Reference line values Ship type Capacity a c Bulk carrier dwt 961. 79 0. 477 Gas tanker dwt 1120. 00 0. 456 Tanker dwt 1218. 80 0. 488 70%*dwt 174. 22 0. 201 General cargo dwt 107. 48 0. 216 Reefer dwt 227. 01 0. 244 Combination dwt 1218. 80 0. 488 Container The reference lines are calculated as a*Capacity-c The capacity for container vessels was changed at MEPC 62 and the reference line will have to be recalculated 61

Ship types included in EEDI In addition roro and passenger vessels are scheduled to be included as soon as calculation methods and reference lines are ready Ships with diesel-electric, turbine or hybrid propulsion system will not be included before calculation methods are developed The reduction factor for small ships will be reviewed in 2013 In 2015 IMO shall review the reduction rates based on technological developments and may adjust further implementation dates and reduction rates 62

Example for container ships Increasing requirement in each Phase Minimum size for required EEDI level Container ships 40 35 30 EEDI 25 20 15 Reference line to be updated by the IMO Tentative Required 10 5 000 10 000 15 000 Dwt Increasing EEDI requirement relative to reference line 63 reference line - to be updated EEDI: 2013 -2015 EEDI: 2015 -2020 EEDI: 2020 -2025 EEDI: 2025 - 20 000 25 000 30 000

EEDI – timeline for implementation periods and reduction factors 64

Two-step verification process Port state control will only check for the presence of a valid International Energy Efficiency Certificate 65

EEDI Calculation and Verification Procedure 66

SEEMP Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan 67

Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan – SEEMP MEPC. 1/Circ. 683 “Guidance for the Development of a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan” Document Management Plan targeted for Ship Owners Contains a list of measures to make the ship in question more energy efficient There are no efficiency targets associated with the SEEMP, only for reference Shipyards may be asked to contribute to document the performance of specific measures Mandatory from 2013 as part of MARPOL Annex VI and the new International Energy Efficiency Certificate 68

The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan Energy Management measures “Guidance for the Development of a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) (MEPC. 1/Circ. 683)”, issued 17 August 2009 Voyage performance Hull/propeller condition Rudder autopilot Trim and draft Voyage planning Weather/current routing Energy consumers Cargo operations Tank heating and cleaning Thruster operations Engine tuning Engine utilization Total fuel management Pre-bunkering process Bunkering process Post-bunkering process Organization /Strategy 69

IMO – MEPC 62 July 2011 MEPC 62 : adoption of new requirements on CO 2 including making the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) mandatory for - new ships - existing ships Valid from 1 January 2013, at the first renewal or intermediate survey after this date The SEEMP : - provides an approach for monitoring ship and fleet efficiency performance over time, and encourages the ship owner, at each stage of the plan, to consider new technologies and practices when seeking to optimize ship performance. - SEEMP will not be subject to approval by flag states or Recognized Organizations such is the case with class, but will be part of a new chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex 6 on Regulations and be required under the International Energy Efficiency Certificate (IEEC). The IEEC requires under Regulation 22 that ‘… each ship shall keep on board a ship specific Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) … (and) shall be developed taking into account guidelines adopted by the (IMO). ’ 70

SEEMP How can you make a SEEMP ? Easy way : - Just fill in a template, change the name of the vessel. - Done ! Hard way: - It basically takes longer than 2 lines in a ppt presentation 71

Before we start…. Is there any help for me ? ? ? 72

IMO – MEPC. 1/Circ. 683 SEEMP Key features: Recognises that operational efficiencies will make an invaluable contribution to reducing global carbon emissions Purpose is to establish a mechanism for a company and/or a ship to improve the energy efficiency of a ship’s operation that is preferably linked to a broader corporate energy management policy Guidance only SEEMP to be customised to characteristics and needs of individual companies and ships Four step process suggested: 1. Planning 2. Implementation 3. Monitoring 4. Evaluation 73