Principles of Instrumental Analysis Chapter 1 Introduction TABLE

Principles of Instrumental Analysis Chapter 1 Introduction

TABLE 1 -1 Chemical and Physical Properties Used in Instrumental Methods 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 2

FIGURE 1 -1 Block diagram showing the overall process of an instrumental measurement. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 3

TABLE 1 -2 Some Examples of Instrument Components 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 4

FIGURE 1 -2 Data-domain map. The upper (shaded) half of the map consists of nonelectrical domains. The bottom half is made up of electrical domains. Note that the digital domain spans both electrical and nonelectrical domains. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 4

FIGURE 1 -3 A block diagram of a fluorometer showing (a) a general diagram of the instrument, (b) a diagrammatic representation of the flow of information through various data domains in the instrument, and (c) the rules governing the data-domain transformations during the measurement process. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 5

FIGURE 1 -3(a) 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 5

FIGURE 1 -3(b) 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 5

FIGURE 1 -3(c) 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 5

FIGURE 1 -4 Analog signals. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 6

FIGURE 1 -4 Analog signals. (a) Instrument response from the photometric detection system of a flow injection analysis experiment. A stream of reaction mixture containing plugs of red Fe(SCN)2+ flows past a monochromatic light source and a phototransducer, which produces a changing voltage as the sample concentration changes. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 6

FIGURE 1 -4 Analog signals. (b) The current response of a photomultiplier tube when the light from a pulsed source falls on the photocathode of the device. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 6

FIGURE 1 -5 Time-domain signals. The horizontal dashed lines represent signal thresholds. When each signal is above threshold, the signal is HI, and when it is below the threshold, the signal is LO. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 7

FIGURE 1 -6 Diagram illustrating three types of digital data: (a) count serial data, (b) binary-coded serial data, and (c) parallel binary data. In all three cases, the data represent the number n = 5. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 8

FIGURE 1 -7 Chemical sensor. The sensor consists of a molecular recognition element and a transducer. A wide variety of recognition elements are possible. Shown here are some fairly selective recognition elements particularly useful with biosensors. The recognition phase converts the information of interest into a detectable characteristic, such as another chemical, mass, light, or heat. The transducer converts the characteristic into an electrical signal that can be measured. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 10

FIGURE 1 -8 Calibration curve for the determination of isooctane in a hydrocarbon mixture. The residual is the difference between an experimental data point yi and that calculated from the regression model, mxi + b, as shown in the insert. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 12

FIGURE 1 -9 Effect of calibration curve uncertainty. The dashed lines show confidence limits for concentrations determined fro the regression line. Note that uncertainties increase at the extremities of the plot. Usually, we estimate the uncertainty in analyte concentration only from the standard deviation of the response. Calibration curve uncertainty can significantly increase the uncertainty in analyte concentration from sc to s’c. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 14

FIGURE 1 -10 Linear calibration plot for the method of standard additions. The concentration of the unknown solution may be calculated from the slope m and the intercept b, or it may be determined by extrapolation, as explained in the text. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 15

FIGURE 1 -11 Spreadsheet for standard-addition Example 1 -1. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 16

FIGURE 1 -12 Spreadsheet to illustrate the internal-standard method for the flame spectrometric determination of sodium. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 18

TABLE 1 -3 Numerical Criteria for Selecting Analytical Methods 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 19

TABLE 1 -4 Other Characteristics to Be Considered in Method Choice 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 19

TABLE 1 -5 Figures of Merit for Precision of Analytical Methods 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 19

FIGURE 1 -13 Useful range of an analytical method. LOQ = limit of quantitative measurement; LOL=limit of linear response. 歐亞書局 Ch 1 Introduction P. 21