Principles of Green Engineering Applied to Education Robert

Principles of Green Engineering Applied to Education Robert P. Hesketh, and C. S. Slater Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 2004 AICh. E Annual Meeting, Austin TX [7] - Principles of Sustainable Engineering Wednesday, November 10, 2004 Salon A - Hilton Hotel

What is Green Engineering? Design, commercialization and use of processes and products that are feasible and economical while minimizing: • Risk to human health and the environment • Generation of pollution at the source Transforms existing practices to promote sustainable development.

The San. Destin Declaration of Green Engineering Principles (2003) • Transforms existing practices to promote sustainability. • Economically viable products, processes, and systems that – promote human welfare – while protecting human health – and elevating the protection of the biosphere • New criterion for engineering solutions.

To fully implement green engineering solutions, engineers use the following principles: 1. Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate environmental impact assessment tools. 2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-being. 3. Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities. 4. Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and benign as possible. 5. Minimize depletion of natural resources.

To fully implement green engineering solutions, engineers use the following principles: 6. 7. Strive to prevent waste. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local geography, aspirations and cultures. 8. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve, innovate and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability. 9. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions. There is a duty to inform society of the practice of green engineering.

Motivation for Teaching Green Engineering • Stringent environmental regulations and escalating costs of pollution control.

Motivation for Teaching Green Engineering • Stringent environmental regulations and escalating costs of pollution control. • Little understanding of environmental issues and risks posed by chemical production.

Environmental Issues - Chemical Industry • • • Energy Consumption Smog Formation Acidification Water Quality Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere Global Warming Ecology Concepts Life-Cycle Concepts Product Stewardship NOx Miscellaneous Transportation Industrial Processes Fuel Combustion

Minimize Risk Involves Reducing Both the Hazard (i. e. Toxicity) and Exposure Risk = f (hazard, exposure) Human Health & Ecosystem Effects P/C and Fate Properties Chemistry Concentration in Air, Water Soil (g/m 3) Duration (min, sec) Emission Rates (g/sec) Equipment Design

Motivation based on Accreditation • ABET Engineering Program Outcomes Criteria (Accreditation Board for Engineering & Technology) – understanding of professional & ethical responsibility – understand the impacts of engineering solutions in global and societal context – a knowledge of contemporary issues • AICh. E Program Criteria (American Institute of Chemical Engineers) – incorporate environment and safety aspects into all courses

Professional Codes of Management Practice • Responsible Care® Codes American Chemistry Council • Pollution prevention codes • continuous reductions in pollutant releases • reduce burdens to the environment from facilities • Product stewardship codes • life-cycle approach to consider environment, health, and safety in process and product design.

MOTIVATION for Teaching Engineers • Industry leaders moving to Sustainable Chemical Processing • Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) World & DJSI STOXX (771 companies analyzed globally) launched in 1999

We are Behind! • Other National Accreditation Bodies: produce graduates that have an understanding of sustainable technology and development Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Canada etc… • The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) code of ethics “engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties”

And more! • UPC – Barcelona, Spain – Integration in all departments • Delft University, Netherlands –University initiative • Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden • University of Surrey, Oxford, Cambridge, UK • University of Windsor • A one to 3 courses are given at Universities in the USA – Georgia Tech, Univ. Tennessee, University of Texas-El Paso, Carnegie Mellon, Berkeley, Univ. Texas – Austin, MIT, Rowan University.

Green CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM – 131 hrs Calculus I & II – 8 hrs Math for Engineering I&II – 8 hrs Computer Science & Programming - 4 hrs Physics I - 4 hrs Chemistry I&II – 8 hrs Composition I – 3 hrs Freshman Engineering Clinic 4 hrs Microeconomics - 3 hrs Biological Sciences I - 4 hrs Organic Chemistry – Physical Chemistry I – 3 hrs - Thermodynamics Chemistry Elective - 3 hrs Junior/Senior Engineering Clinic – 8 hrs Engineering Projects 4 hrs Ch. E Electives (Green Eng. ) - 6 hrs Sophomore Engineering Clinic – 2 Eng + 6 communications hrs Chemical Principles I – 2 hrs Felder&Rousseau (Text) Chemical Principles II Material Science – 2 hrs Heat Transfer – 2 hrs Felder&Rousseau (Text) Fluid Mechanics – 2 hrs Humanities, Social Sciences – 12 hrs Equilibrium Stages – 2 hrs Process Fluids – 2 hrs Ch. E Thermodynamics – 3 hrs Separations – 4 hrs Chemical Reaction Engineering – 4 hrs Unit Operations Lab – 3 hrs Chemical Plant Design – 3 hrs Transport Phenomena – 3 hrs Chemical Process Component Design – 4 hrs Process Dynamics & Control – 3 hrs

Introduction to Sustainable Development: Freshman Engineering Example Discussion/Lecture • What role do engineers serve to society? • What challenges will engineers face in the near future? – – Energy Other Natural Resources Environment Population growth and increase of material wealth of developing nations (China) • What challenges will our children and grandchildren face as engineers? (e. g. How do we continue to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs? )

Life Cycle Thinking in Freshman Engineering • Introduce students to the concept of examining the entire life cycle of a product or process • Not a detailed life cycle assessment • Simple Examples – Paper vs. Plastic – Beer Brewing – Coffee Machine

General Education Courses • Change options for engineers or Give guides on courses • Humanities • Social Sciences • History • Engineering - Engineering Sustainable Technologies (at UT-Austin)

Examples of General Education Courses • Psychology and Sustainable Development (Psychology, Hofstra University); • Hanford Social and Environmental History (Sociology, Washington State University); Environmental Justice (Sociology, Brown University); • Economy, Environment and Community (Economics, Tufts University); • Strategies for Sustainable Development (Mc. Gill and University of Michigan); • Western Environmental Policy (History, California Institute of Technology); • Environmental Ethics (Philosophy, University of Alberta) • Biotechnology, Nature and Society (Biology, Tufts University); • Strategies for Environmental Management (Business School, University of Michigan);

Green CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM – 131 hrs Calculus I & II – 8 hrs Math for Engineering I&II – 8 hrs Computer Science & Programming - 4 hrs Physics I - 4 hrs Chemistry I&II – 8 hrs Composition I – 3 hrs Freshman Engineering Clinic 4 hrs Microeconomics - 3 hrs Biological Sciences I - 4 hrs Organic Chemistry – Physical Chemistry I – 3 hrs - Thermodynamics Chemistry Elective - 3 hrs Junior/Senior Engineering Clinic – 8 hrs Engineering Projects 4 hrs Ch. E Electives (Green Eng. ) - 6 hrs Sophomore Engineering Clinic – 2 Eng + 6 communications hrs Chemical Principles I – 2 hrs Felder&Rousseau (Text) Chemical Principles II Material Science – 2 hrs Heat Transfer – 2 hrs Felder&Rousseau (Text) Fluid Mechanics – 2 hrs Humanities, Social Sciences – 12 hrs Equilibrium Stages – 2 hrs Process Fluids – 2 hrs Ch. E Thermodynamics – 3 hrs Separations – 4 hrs Chemical Reaction Engineering – 4 hrs Unit Operations Lab – 3 hrs Chemical Plant Design – 3 hrs Transport Phenomena – 3 hrs Chemical Process Component Design – 4 hrs Process Dynamics & Control – 3 hrs

Risk Assessment - Start Simple- HAZARD Risk =f ( Exposure Hazard ) Simple Analysis of Laboratory Experiments First Year Chemistry Organic Chemistry Biology Engineering Laboratories Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), MSDS NIOSH IRIS (EPA) Threshold Limit Value (TLV), No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL), Reference Dose (Rf. D), Reference Concentration (Rf. C)

Exposure • Unit conversions: Freshman Engineering & Chemical Principles • Prediction of Chemical Properties Chemical Thermodynamics • Where Do Chemicals Go? Mass Balances Transport Phenomena • Duration or Persistence Chemical Reaction Kinetics Risk = Exposure X Concentration in Air, Water Soil (g/m 3) Transmission Rate (m 3/s) Duration (s) Hazard

EXPOSURE – Example for Sophomore Year • Simple Exposure Models: Mass and Energy Balance Course • Example: Calculate the concentration of gas in a room with a leaking cylinder. Fresh Air Gas Leak Exhaust Air

Life Cycle Assessment Sophomore engineering Mass and energy balances to show life cycle basics. Example of Fluorescent vs. Incandescent light bulbs

Life-Cycle Impact Assessments Impact Metrics (e. g. Global Warming Potential) Software or Tables Hazard Risk Exposure

Green Engineering in Design (1 – 4 th year)

Is it Possible to Teach Green Engineering? • Overcrowded Curriculum • Outside of Professors Research Areas • Lack of Time to Prepare New Materials • How do you integrate these materials into current courses?

IMPLEMENTATION • Green Engineering Champion • Green Engineering Text for 4 years • Modules prepared for each course • Strong Support of Chair & Dean • Excited & Cooperative Faculty

GREEN ENGINEERING RESOURCES • Workshops • Textbook • Modules • Software • Websites

Green Engineering Educator Workshops: • 2 in 1999 at ASEE and AICh. E Annual Meetings • 3 in 2000 – Regional Workshops • 2 in 2001 at the Green Engineering Conference and 2001 AICh. E Annual Meeting in Reno, NV • 2002 ASEE/AICh. E Chemical Engineering Summer School, Boulder CO • 2003 University of Florida • 2005 ASEE Annual Meeting Portland, June More information: Email Hesketh@rowan. edu

NEW TEXT! Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes Allen, David T and D. R Shonnard • Easy to Utilize for a Green Engineering course • Modules Created for Chemical Engineering Courses: www. rowan. edu/greenengineering Green Engineering Poster Contest at AICh. E – Austin, TX

Need New Linked Modules Mapping of Green Engineering Subjects with Course Text & Green Engineering Principles • Selected Readings from Text • Example Problems • Homework Problems • Case Studies

Coverage of Green Engineering Principles

Rowan Green Engineering WEBSITE Modules Prepared • Freshman Engineering • Material and Energy Balances • Design • Material Science and Engineering • Heat Transfer • Process Dynamics and Controls • Separation Processes Modules In Progress • Transport Phenomena • Reaction Engineering • Thermodynamics http: //www. rowan. edu/greenengineering

CONCLUSIONS • The Solution is a University Issue • Use Textbook and Modules for Curriculum • Start Teaching Ch. E Green from the First year – Utilize Active Learning – Projects & Case Studies – Use the new text starting in first year • Integrate to Upper Levels - Reinforce & Build • Senior Design Course(s) • Research and Clinic Projects with Industry

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • Special Thanks to: Sharon Austin & Nhan Nguyen Chemical Engineering Branch of the Office of Pollution Prevention O and Toxics • US EPA - Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics and Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances Grant: CX 827688 -01 -0 & X 83052501 • NSF Division for Undergraduate Education DUE-9850535 Multidisciplinary Membrane Process Laboratory Experiments and DUE 0097549 REU in Pollution Prevention • Rowan University

Acknowlegements

Example of mapping