Principle of weed management Prevention cleaning quarantine weed

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Principle of weed management Prevention : cleaning, quarantine, weed laws Eradication : complete suppression,

Principle of weed management Prevention : cleaning, quarantine, weed laws Eradication : complete suppression, removal to total elimination a weed species Control : reduce or suppress of weed (density and species composition of weeds)

 Tools used for weed control Physical methods of weed control Hand pulling and

Tools used for weed control Physical methods of weed control Hand pulling and hoeing Fire, Flame Tillage (cultivation), reduce tillage, § Biological control no tillage – Natural enemies – Grazing Mowing and shredding – Mycoherbicides Chaining and dredging – Allelopathy Flooding § Chemical control Mulches and solarization Cultural methods of weed control § Integrated weed management Weed prevention : clean seed, manure, equipments & irrigation systems Crop rotation Crop competition Living mulches and cover crops

Principles for weed management systems Incorporation of ecological principles Use of plant interference /

Principles for weed management systems Incorporation of ecological principles Use of plant interference / crop-weed competition Incorporation of economic and damage threshold Integration of several weed control measures (techniques)

Conceptual model of a weed community Crop Biological factors Physical factor Cultural management factor

Conceptual model of a weed community Crop Biological factors Physical factor Cultural management factor Dormant weed seed bank Crop yield Active weed seed Weed reproductive yield Losses due to Limiting factor Cultivation Predation Toxic herbicides • Alter crop sp. • Crop rotation • Invasion of other weed sp.

Non chemical methods of managing weeds and the ecological principles Ecological principle Reduce inputs

Non chemical methods of managing weeds and the ecological principles Ecological principle Reduce inputs to and increase output from soil seed bank Allow crop earlier space capture Reduce weed growth and thus space capture Maximize crop growth and adaptability Minimize intra-specific competition of crop, maximize crop space capture Maximize competitive effects of crop on weed Modify environment to render weeds less well adapted Maximize efficiency of resource utilization by crops

Non chemical methods of managing weeds and the ecological principles Weed management Prevention, soil

Non chemical methods of managing weeds and the ecological principles Weed management Prevention, soil sterilization, weed control before seed set Early cultivation, using crop transplants, choice of planting date Cultivation, mowing, mulching Choice of crop variety, early planting Choice of seeding rate , choice of row spacing (plant density) Planting smother or cover crop Rotation of crops, rotation of control methods Intercropping