Principle 10 andtext Access Click to edit Master

Principle 10 andtext Access • Click to edit Master styles to Justice in ASEAN – Second level Countries • Third level – Fourth level -Remarkable Developments » Fifth level in Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand Osaka University Noriko Okubo グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level Principle 10 and ASEAN in Asia – Fourth level » Fifth level グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Recent developments thetolate access • In. Click edit 2000 s, Master text stylesto justice was greatly strengthened. – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level ・Expansion of legal standing ・Various new types of litigation ・Improvement of provisional remedies ・Establishment of environmental courts or specialized green benches グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Green Access Project Ⅱ ・Variation of measures to implement P 10 • social/cultural Click to editconditions Master text stylescountry/region of each ・Important: make comparative study – Second to level share their good practices • Third to level – Fourth level » Fifth level ・Discuss possibilities for an Asian version of Aarhus Convention ・Promotion of environmental democracy ・Protection of human rights グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Association of Southeast Asian Nations ・Established in 1967 • Click to edit Master text styles ・Original member states: Indonesia, Malaysia, – Second Singapore level Philippines, and Thailand • Third level ・Nowadays: + Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar – Fourth level » Fifth level and Cambodia ・Popullation: 620 million ・ “ASEAN Economic Community” (this year) グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Increasing pressures on natural resources Increasing population + rapid • Click to edit Master text styleseconomic growth – Second level • Third level – Fourth level Various transboundary » Fifth level environmental issues Common interest: to cooperate closely in promoting sustainable development グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

What are hot issues? ・Remarkable developments in environmental law • Click to edit Master text styles ・Problem: deficient implementation – Second level ・Reasons: • Third level Lack of detailed regulation – Fourth level Insufficient financial resources » Fifth level Corruption Guarantee of three access rights Environmental rule of law グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

• Click to edit Master text styles Indonesia – Second level Most legal provisions • Thirdadvanced level – Fourth level EDI result: Top in Asia » Fifth level グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

The Law concerning Environmental Protection and Management 1 Environmental right and access rights • Click to edit Master text styles (Article 65) – Second level ‘Everybody shall be entitled to environmental • Third level education, information access, participation – Fourth level access and justice » Fifth level access in fulfilling the right to a proper and healthy environment’. 2 Right to lodge a complaint (Article 66) Anybody struggling for the right to a proper and healthy environment may not be charged with a criminal or civil offense. グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Community-based approach (Article 70, 26) ・ Communities: wide meaning • affected Click tocommunities, edit Master text styles environmental activists etc. – Second level ・Communities have the equal and broad right and • Thirdto level opportunity participate actively in environmental Fourth protection– in thelevel form of social control, providing Fifth level suggestions, » opinions, or recommendations, making objections or complaints, or providing reports. ・Involvement of communities should be based on the principle of provision of information transparently and completely. グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Access to Justice 1 Class action (Article 91) • Right Clickoftocommunities edit Mastertotext filestyles class actions in their – Second level own interests or the public interest in relation to issues • of environmental pollution or damage. Third level. ENGOs (Article 92) 2 Right to– Fourth sue for » Fifth level to many Aarhus countries ・Requirements: similar Form: incorporated Purpose: environmental conservation Period of activities: at least two years 3 Right to sue for everyone (Article 93) Relating to incomplete documents for EIA グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Thailand – Fourth level status for NGOs Special • Third level » Fifth level グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

2007 Constitution of Thailand abolished after coup d'état in 2014 ・Various and detailed provisions • Click to edit Master text styles ・Article 67 – Second level Right • Third of PP, right of a community to sue level government – Fourth level » Fifth Any project or level activity which may seriously affect a community’s environmental quality is not permitted without EIA/ HIA with a public hearing, and a hearing of an independent organization, including representatives from environmental NGOs. グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act of 1992 Provisions for role of e. NGOs • Click Registration to edit Mastersystem text styles for ENGOs – Second level ・NGOs may request of government the • Third level various –supports for a public relations Fourth level campaign, » environmental research, and Fifth level providing legal aid to victims of pollution, etc. ・NGOs may nominate private sector representatives for the National Environment Board. グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Dual court system 1 Supreme Court of Justice • ・Environmental Click to editdivision Master(2011) text styles ・Guidelines for Environmental Litigation (2011) – Second level precautionary principle, provisional remedy etc. • Third level 2 Supreme Administrative Court – Fourth level ・Environmental division (2011～) » Fifth level ・Recommendation of the President of the Supreme Administrative Court concerning Environmental Issues” (2011) expanding standing, provisional remedy without any application, supplemental judgment for future damages ENGOs can public interest cases to the court グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Map Ta Phut Case Administrative litigation ・Despite the serious air and water pollution • involved, Click tothe editgovernment Master text styles announced the third development plan, with 76 new projects earmarked – Second level for this • Third arealevel (2007). – Fourth level ・Litigation by ENGO and local people sought an injunction » Fifth level ・Supreme Administrative Court issued temporary suspension order for 65 projects (2009). ・Reason: It is unconstitutional to carry out these projects without the EIA and HIA procedures. グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Philippines – Fourth. Judicial level activism • Third level » Fifth level グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Southeast Asia 1 Expansion of standing by case law: • Oposa Click to edit Master text styles case – Second level ・The Supreme Court ruled that children Third level might • sue to enforce environmental right on – Fourth level behalf of both generation and future » Fifth their level generations (1993). 2 Establishment of Environmental court ・ 117 ordinary courts were designated as environmental courts (2008). グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

‘Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases’ (2010) 1 Writ of Kalikasan: Remedy available to a natural • person/ Click to editon Master NGO behalftext of a styles person whose – Second level constitutional right to a balanced and healthful • Third level ecology is violated, by an unlawful act or omission – Fourth level of a public official/private individual » Fifth level 2 Continuing mandamus: Writ issued by court, directing an agency to perform an act decreed by a final judgment, which remains effective until the judgment is fully satisfied. 3 Anti-SLAPP clause 4 Temporary Environmental Protection Order グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Manila Bay case • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level Supreme Court – Fourth level ordered to clean » Fifth level up Manila Bay (S. C. Dec. 18, 2008). グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

• Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Future perspectives – Fourth level • Third level » Fifth level グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project

Main stream and issues ・Rights-based approach in several countries • Stressing Click to edit Masterrights text styles community – Second public level interest litigation Promoting • Third levelcapacity building Strengthening – Fourth levelfor some countries that had only few This trend is true Fifth level provisions on» P 10 in the 90’s (ex. Vietnam) ・Very few changes in some other countries Whether and to what extent the new developments on ASEAN Community will influence further developments on Principle 10? グリーンアクセスプロジェクト Green Access Project