PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition By Monica Morgado http

PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition By: Monica Morgado http: //www. sheppardsoftware. com/content/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey. htm

Conservation Status n Total # of Species q 254 n n n 107 Endangered 102 Lower Risk 8 Critically Endangered 6 Not enough data 4 Threatened 3 Rare https: //secure. worldwildlife. org/ogc. AC_species. Detail. cfm? gid =69 http: //www. escapeartist. com/efam/44/primates. gif http: //img. timeinc. net/time/photoessays/2007/primates_01. jpg

Taxonomy of Extant Primates Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Chordata Class = Mammalia Order = Primates Prosimians *6 F Tarsiers *1 F New World Primates *2 F http: //afarensis. blogsome. com/2005/11/06/what-is-a-primate/ Old World Primates *1 F *2 SF OWP Lesser Apes *1 F OWP Great Apes *2 F

Prosimians and Tarsiers

Prosimians and Tarsiers http: //www. sheppardsoftware. com/content/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey. htm n n n Most primitive of the primates They’re NOT monkeys nor apes Nocturnal and sensitive Socialized and tropical Most are endangered

Where can Prosimians and Tarsiers be found? http: //www. globaltouch. net/mapit/world/World. Atlas. gif

New World Primates

New World Primates (Monkeys) http: //www. sheppardsoftware. com/content/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey. htm

New World Primates n Family Callithricidae q n Smaller tamarins and marmosets Family Cebidae q q q q Sakis Spider and Woolly Owl Capuchin Howler Titi and Squirrel Uakaris

New World Primates n Live in the neotropical forests q n Range vastly in size q q n n n Central and South America. 6 inch pygmy marmoset 3 feet howler monkey Long tails (sometimes prehensile) No buttock pads No cheek pouches

Old World Primates (OWP)

Old World Primates (Monkeys)

Old World Primates n Family Cercopithecidae q Subfamily cercopithecinae n n n q Macaques Baboons Mandrills Vervet monkeys Patas monkeys Subfamily Colobinae n n n Colobus monkeys Langurs Leaf monkeys

Old World Primates n n n Live in Africa and Asia. Larger than the New World monkeys. They are diurnal. Longer hind legs than forearms. Prominent buttock pads that they can sit on. Tails, but not prehensile.

OWP-Great Apes

OWP-Great Apes Orangutans n n n Chimpanzees Gorillas Humans Bonobos They have no tails. The face is almost naked. Live in complex social groups. The arms are longer than the legs. Rely mostly on vision and hearing rather than smell.

OWP- Lesser Apes

OWP-Lesser Apes n n Smaller and more slender forms No tail Gibbons live in pairs for life. Siamangs are the largest type of gibbon. nhttp: //www. sheppardsoftware. com/content/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey. htm

http: //www. sheppardsoftware. com/content/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey. htm

Nonhuman Primates as Pets n Most common -Primate species: q q q q Pet Squirrel monkey Capuchin or “organ grinder” monkeys Spider monkeys Marmosets Baboons Chimpanzees Orangutans http: //i 226. photobucket. com/albums/dd 191/ntuforex/Vol 13 issue 2/82076 ca 5. jpg

Nonhuman Primates as Pets n Most Common Reasons People Buy Pet Monkeys: q "They're so cute!!" q "I wanted an unusual pet. “ q q "They're so adorable dressed up like people!“ Child substitute / http: //lolayabonobo. wildlifedirect. org/2008/03/14/tigers-in-the-backyard

Require Permit Partial Ban Must Be Banded No Requirements Ban http: //petmonkeyinfo. org/laws. htm

Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… n Make sure your primate has been bred in the U. S. and not imported. q n Center for Disease Control of the United States Public Health Service Regulation in 1976 Realize that monkeys are complex social/emotional animals q "high-care/high-need", "difficult" pets

Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… n Know that they are q Virtually impossible to toilet train Can be destructive of property Have a high propensity for biting As they mature, their behavior becomes less predictable www. cynical-c. com/. . . /bloggraphics/miabite. jpg q q q

Nonhuman Primate vs. Newborn Child http: //www. superlaugh. com/pets/babymonkey. jpg http: //blog. mlive. com/chronicle/2007/12/02 Grevel_family 2. jpg

Nonhuman Primate vs. 2 yr Old Child http: //www. pepperspollywogs. com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Windows. Live. Writer/Monkeying. Around_7 FE 6/j 0428530%5 B 3%5 D. jpg

Nonhuman Primate vs. 5 yr Old Child http: //www. baynews 9. com/images/news/2006/8/8/mood 2. jpg

Nonhuman Primate vs. 15 yr Old Kid

Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… n Know that they can have different relationships with members of a family: q q n www. cynical-c. com/. . . /bloggraphics/miabite. jpg liking the most dominant adult picking on weakest or youngest family member Monkeys have a life-span of 20 -40 years.

Health Concern: Common Diseases n Nonhuman primates have a high potential for carrying zoonotic diseases: q q Hepatitis Tuberculosis n n q q q Owners should test their pets at least once a year. Owners should be tested once a year. Shigellosis Salmonellosis Herpes viruses

Herpes Simplex Viruses n Herpesvirus simiae (Herpes “B”) q q Host: Macaques Rhesus monkeys may develop ulcerations in the oral mucosa. http: //www. ccac. ca/en/CCAC_Programs/ETCC/Images/Zoonosis. Herpes. BRhesus. jpg

Herpes Simplex Viruses n Herpesvirus tamarinus (Herpes “T”) q 1 ry Host: Squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys n q Tamarins, marmosets, owl monkeys, and titi monkeys n q Asymptomatic Clinical disease May develop ulceration in lips, oral mucosa and conjunctiva.

Herpesvirus tamarinus n Ulcerative dermatitis in a titi monkey

The Ideal Caretaker (patience…. etc. ) n Patience n Commitment n Do not over estimate their force for their size. http: //www. orlandosentinel. com/media/photo/2008 -04/37512900. jpg http: //www. sptimes. com/2004/10/11/images/large/primate 2. jpg

Primate Housing n Have the proper sized housing setups from day one. n Should allow large motor exercise, running and leaping.

Primate Housing n Cages for display are not usually large enough. n Cage must be setup with easy, hands-off cleaning in mind.

Primate Housing n Not recommended: q q q Kennel crates Cat cages Bird cages http: //pet. imageg. net/graphics/product_images/p. PETS-3763322 t 400. jpg http: //www. staffordmall. com/media/dog-crate. jpg http: //www. freewebs. com/birdcages/chrome%20 plated%20 large%20 parrot%20 cage. jpg

Primate Housing n Primates of different species should not be housed together. q q q Prevent disease transmission Species-specific behaviors Interspecies aggression. http: //www. salem-news. com/stimg/november 122007/monkey_rhesusx 2350. jpg

Primate Housing n A collar or harness should be worn continuously around the house. http: //www. fordogtrainer. com/pics/dog-training-equipment-choke-leather-collar. jpg n Nonhuman primates should be caged while unattended. n Do not allow them to run loose in the home. http: //www. wildcatcommerce. com/productimages/large/28/monkeykidsharness. jpg

Cage Accessories n Durable and easy-toclean materials. n Special housing needs depending on the primate: q q q Arboreal Nocturnal Ranging http: //www. primatecare. com/cage 1. jpg

Cage Accessories n Lighting and climate controls should be on automatic. q q 18 -1 C (65 -8 F) 55 -70% Humidity n Marmosets 70 -80% http: //www. advancedradiantsolutions. com/image/2218681. jpeg

Toys and enrichment devices http: //www. awionline. org/lab_animals/LAREF/jennifer. html Mop heads strung with pasta and treats knotted on the ends Acrylic mirror Foraging for fallen treats Treats out of the cones “pylon surprises”

Disinfectants n Cleaning cases, dishes, and toys q Roccal-D n q Winthrop, New York, NY One-Stroke Environ n Ceva Laboratories, Overland Park, KS http: //www. valleyvet. com/swatches/21361_L_vvs_000. jpg http: //www. animart. com/productimages/439. jpg

Nutrition for Old World and New World Primates n Nutritional deficiencies: q q q Owner’s lack of knowledge Common protein deficiencies n high level of fruits and starches Many owners feed table foods an not commercial biscuits or canned diets. http: //ephemerist. files. wordpress. com/2008/05/monkey. jpg

Vitamin Deficiency n Vitamin C q q Supplements needed due to decreased levels in diet after 90 days of storage. Daily fresh fruits or monkey vitamins 1 -4 mg/kg of body weight every day Causes: n Swelling of long bones and hemorrhaging of the gums

Vitamin Deficiency n Vitamin D 3 (New World Monkeys) q q q Supplements needed due to insufficient sunlight. 2000 IU per kg every day Causes: n Soft bones, bone deformities and multiple fractures.

How much should I feed my primate? n Consumption of adults: q n 3% to 5% of their body weight DAILY Waste a lot of food q q Greater quantity should be offered. Offer “meals” 2 -3 times a day instead of once daily. http: //www. awionline. org/lab_animals/LAREF/Jen-Salad%2014. jpg

How about treats? n Commercial food q n Treats q q q n 80% to 90% of daily intake Fresh fruits Vegetables Commercial “treats” http: //www. ericsons. net/images/343. jpg New World monkeys q q Mealworms Crickets Canned dog food Hard broiled eggs http: //tarrant. tamu. edu/garden/images/Fruits. gif http: //www. swarmsupplies. co. uk/images/Silent-crickets-6. jpg

Water and Fruit Juices n Water q q q n Fresh and clean Available at all times Sipper-tube or valved water system. http: //www. primatecare. com/water. jpg Fruit juices q Offered occasionally as a treat. http: //www. fehd. gov. hk/safefood/food_safety_plan/images/control_juice. jpg

OVERVIEW: n Do RESEARCH!! n Check with your state and county for local laws. n Have the right cage size for your primate. n Feed the right diet depending on the specie’s requirements.

References n Horne, William A. Primate Anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. 2001; 4(1): 239 -66. n Johnson-Delaney, Cathy A. Primates. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1994; 24(1): 121 -56. n Satterfield, William C. and William R. Voss. Nonhuman Primates and the Practitioner. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1987; 17(5): 1185 -202. n Wallis, Jannette and D. Rick Lee. Primate Conservation: The Prevention of Disease Transmission. International Journal of Primatology. 1999; 20(6): 803 -826. n Whitney, Robert A. Primate Medicine and Husbandry. Symposium on Non-Domestic Pet Medicine. Veterinary Clinicis of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1979; 9(3): 429 -45.

QUESTIONS? http: //saldf. stanford. edu/images/primates 3. jpg