primary sources wed march 30 todays lineup variety

primary sources wed march 30 today’s line-up variety of databases searched identify appropriate subject headings document search strings + adjustments equity among team members (initials) search log due wed april 6 via email • • annotated bibliography due mon april 18 via email see example next slide primary sources what are primary sources? how & why are they collected? how are they organized? where & how could I access them? why would I ever use them? prep for trip to Wilson Library on Monday

Citation in APA format of each item (5 -10 total sources) Relevancy what does this item provide for your story? Source evaluation use criteria from the mid-term to assess the quality of the information Van Vugt, M. , Hogan, R. , & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63(3), 182 -196. doi: 10. 1037/0003 -066 X. 63. 3. 182 This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions. Although it offers an historical perspective, I use only one of the authors’ points about leader-follower relations in early human societies. To support my project question of what makes one person a better leader than others, I will focus on the point that, “leadership cannot be studied apart from followership and that an adequate account of the leadership process must consider the psychology of followers” (p. 193). The authors have a wide range of expertise in the area of business leadership. Van Vugt is on faculty at University of Kent; Hogan and Kaiser work in business systems assessment. The article appears in the highly cited, peer-reviewed journal, American Psychologist.

Partner Quiz 1) Describe one significant difference between an “archive” and a “library” (e. g. in terms of access to material, type of material, organization of material and/or acquisition of material) 2) Think about material in the digital collection you explored…what sort of questions/inquiries would the collection support? In other words, who would want use this particular collection and why?

primary sources

primary sources provide first-hand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented often these sources are created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring…but could be recorded later offer an inside view of a particular event…based upon lived experience Dilthey (1985), Husserl (1970), Merleau. Ponty (1962) - intent to explore directly the original or prereflective dimensions of human existence

primary sources autobiographies diaries & journals memoires legal and financial documents oral histories photographs business correspondence maps personal correspondence architectural drawings computer tape objects video & audio recordings government regulations and treaties hearings & debates of legislative bodies; court cases census data records of government expenditures & finances regalia / artifacts (e. g. war memorabilia) scientific data music (e. g. music scores, musical instruments, sound recordings) visual materials (e. g. original art, graphic art) dissertations found in cultural institutions, museums, archives

manuscript and archival materials are unique resources that can be found in only one library or institution (though digital copies or copies on microfilm/microfiche may be available elsewhere) archives the records made or received and maintained by an institution or organization in pursuance of its legal obligations or in the transaction of its business manuscripts a body of papers of an individual or a family

Where did we get these books, paintings and other pieces of history that we now have in our collections today? -Kelly

how & why are primary sources collected? required by law – usually “records” birth/death certificates; marriage license; property records; law enforcement company / organization policy personnel files; incorporation docs; marketing/advertising; product info historical societies photos; military garb; maps religious groups membership; sermons; pamphlets for profit ancestry. com; background records (criminal or financial records) intentional collecting – e. g. research, endowment or grant North Carolina Collection (UNC) family birth certificates; medical records; photos; scrapbooks; journals

archives: what do they keep? • records which are no longer required for current use but have been selected for permanent preservation because of their evidential or informational value

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a state agency, and its offices and departments are obligated to follow the requirements of the North Carolina Public Records Law (North Carolina General Statute 132) for retention and disposition of records.

Website: http: //diphi. web. unc. edu/

http: //www. archives. gov/

ARCHIVES LIBRARIES MUSEUMS What do they Inactive records keep? that have been selected for permanent preservation, usually unpublished (can be in any format and unique) Published materials (can be in many formats) that are not unique Objects and artifacts (and associated documentation) which may or may not be unique How is the material arranged? According to a Arrangement is pre-determined not significant, classification control is. system (LC, DDC) In the order determined and used by the creator(s)

What is their objective? Who can consult the material? ARCHIVES Protection of archives and their evidential and informational values LIBRARIES Building appropriate and comprehensive collections that are properly housed and effectively used MUSEUMS Collection and protection of selected objects for the community Depends on Any member of archives policy and community the public conditions imposed by donor

Differences between archival and library materials Category Libraries Archives Nature Published Discrete items Available elsewhere Unpublished Groups of related items Unique Method of receipt Selected as single items Appraised in aggregates Arrangement Predetermined subject classification Provenance and original order Level of description Individual items Aggregate (record group or series) Descriptive media Online catalog Inventories, finding aids Access Closed stacks Open stacks

how can I find things in an archive? • depends… • “Finding Aid” - description of an archival collection, usually containing a history of the person or organization that produced the collection and an inventory of its contents • EAD Encoded Archival Description – XML standard used to encode data about archival materials – makes things easier to find in an electronic environment • Ask the librarian / archivist

My question is when is it appropriate to use an archive and when is it appropriate to use a database? Is one better than the other? Even though online archives are available I've read in another article that it may be easier to use a database due to the Boolean search methods that can be used and the more advanced search methods. Does the possible quantity of a database outweigh the quality of material in an archive? -Ranni

How do institutions determine which artifacts are important enough to use and then preserve? -Aidan How do you determine which information is worth saving? -Colin

appraisal def: process of evaluating records to determine their value and ultimate disposition – physical volume – frequency of use – administrative and operational need served by the record – legal and fiscal regulations governing retention – historical significance – economic advantage of moving the records from high cost office storage to low cost records storage space or direct disposal – whether this is the record copy or a duplicate

archival appraisal as power The appraisal process determines the fate of our documentary heritage. Archivists are arbiters of the fabric of history itself Schaeffer, R. C. (1992). Transcendent concepts: Power, appraisal, and the archivist as “social outcast”. American Archivist, 55, 608 -619. The facts are in our keeping. The whole aim of the archivist’s work is to preserve them. Without the archivist’s science and research the historian will not know either what facts are or where they can be found Bolotenko, G. (1983). Archivists and historians: Keepers of the well. Archivaria, 16, 20. Archivists are now the servants of society at large, called upon to ensure a record of all aspects of its culture. According to the contemporary archival ethic, records must be acquired from all elements of society and must be accessible to a range of users Schaeffer, R. C. (1992). Transcendent concepts: Power, appraisal, and the archivist as “social outcast”. American Archivist, 55, 608 -619.

Archivists normatively position themselves as impartial and honest brokering custodians of the past, immune from the pressures and persuasions that conflict the rest of contemporary society. Consider the politics of record-making and record keeping and how they shape and often mis-shape the construction of the past and present. Action or inaction Wallace, D. A. (2011). Memory ethics – or the presence of the past in the present. Archival Science, 11, 1 -12.

http: //www. olemiss. edu/depts/general_library/archives/finding_aids/M UM 00254. html

where & how to access • think about who might have relevant records/material – government entity (international, state, county) – professional organization/society (e. g. state geological society) – dedicated entity (special collection – e. g. TWU’s WASP collection) • ask librarian

Although Archives may hold very unique and rare objects, the process in order to access the information may take a lot of time. Having to register, give your personal identification, or maybe even getting a recommendation or special permission to be admitted to an archive is very time consuming. Once the steps to being admitted are complete there is a possibility the material one might need for research may not be accessed, or may have restrictions on use and access. Even though archives have exclusive materials, this article does not persuade me towards archives over libraries. -Addie

why would I ever use an archive? • legislation (statutes, regulations, and orders-in -council) and case law (decisions of courts and administrative tribunals) • genealogy / family tree • popular culture / period pieces • historical topics (perspectives, revisionism, unheard/unconsidered voices, etc. )

Is there any restrictions put in place by institutions or archivists based on what your research is used for if the artifact is very valuable? In the same subject area, are private owners or archives obliged to let their artifacts be examined and used for research? -Aidan

December 1963: Members of several civil rights organizations staged this holiday march, carrying letters addressed to political leaders to urge anti-discrimination legislation. They requested that fellow Chapel Hill citizens follow suit to "Send Freedom Letters for Christmas.

Drafts of Langston Hughes's poem "Ballad of Booker T. , ” 30 May-1 June 1941

https: //archive. org

After reviewing the Folkstreams archive I couldn't help but notice the similarities between this archive and the FMG Master Academic Collection database I presented on. Both are sources of video material one can use for either research or a presentation in an educational setting. Both allow the user to edit their search by category, such as "By Publisher" or "By Subject". The Folkstream archive looks more dated compared to the modern look/design of FMG Master Academic Collection also hosts more videos than Folkstream, but this does not necessarily mean it is better. -Ranni Folkstreams…The only thing that concerns me is who runs this site and whether or not this is an unbiased site. It seems like the videos they predominately focus on rural America and fail to explore industry and war. Due to this, I think the site is good for a portion of American history, but it is not, by any stretch, all -Nick encompassing.

Our field trip to Wilson on Monday

Wilson Library North Carolina Collection Rare Book Collection Southern Folklife Collection Southern Historical Collection University Archives

Federal Writers’ Project Papers Southern Historical Collection http: //www 2. lib. unc. edu/mss/shc Sam Ervin Papers (Senate Records – relating to Civil Rights Act of 1964) Southern Historical Collection http: //www 2. lib. unc. edu/mss/inv/e/Ervin, S am_J. , Senate. html