Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their correlates

Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their correlates- A cross sectional study among medical students of India M. Athar Ansari, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, J. N. Medical College, A. M. U. , Aligarh (India)-202002 atharansari 777@rediffmail. com

Introduction q Obesity - Long-Term Positive Energy Balance q One of today's most important 'Public Health Problems’ q 'Global Epidemic' and also one of today's most neglected Public Health Problems q India: Double Burden of Disease M. Athar Ansari (India) 2/23

q Overweight and obesity - rapidly increasing in countries like India q Under nutrition due to Poverty- 30 % in BPL group q Over nutrition and Obesity --- 5 -7% MIG and HIG Urban area q Most productive workforce of the country M. Athar Ansari (India) 3/23

Obesity and Mortality q Morbidly obese individuals (more than 200% ideal body weight) - twelve fold increase in mortality Obesity and Diabetes As many as 80% of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus are obese M. Athar Ansari (India) 4/23

q Mild obesity -- Two fold risk of Diabetes q Moderate obesity -- Five fold risk of Diabetes q Severe obesity -- Ten fold risk of Diabetes M. Athar Ansari (India) 5/23

World Scenario http: //datajourno. in/tag/obesity/ (accessed on 17. 02. 2016 M. Athar Ansari (India) 6/23

q Globally 1/6 adults - obese q Nearly 2. 8 million individuals die each year due to overweight or obesity. (World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Statistics 2. 2012. Geneva: WHO; 2012. Available from: http: //www. who. int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS 2012_Full. pdf, accessed on 17. 02. 2016) M. Athar Ansari (India) 7/23

Indian Scenario q Under-nutrition due to poverty which dominated in the past, is being rapidly replaced by obesity (World Health Organization (WHO). Global health risks: 5. mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: Switzerland, WHO; 2009. Available from: http: //www. who. int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/Global. Health. Risks_report_full. pdf, accessed on February 17, 2016). M. Athar Ansari (India) 8/23

Objectives • To find out the prevalence of overweight and obesity in medical students. • To determine certain correlates of overweight and obesity. M. Athar Ansari (India) 10/23

Materials and Methods q. Cross-sectional study - carried out from January, 2014 to December, 2014. q Participants - medical students posted in the Department of Community Medicine during 3 rd to 5 th semesters under Rural Health Posting. q Total number of participants - 240 comprising of 150 male and 90 female students. M. Athar Ansari (India) 11/23

q. A pretested questionnaire was given to them and complete personal details, dietary habits were noted down followed by examination. q Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to categorize the students into underweight, normal, overweight and obese groups. q A BMI of <18. 5 Kg/ m 2 was taken as cut off point for under weight. q Overweight and Obese were taken at the level of 23 Kg/ m 2 and 25 Kg/m 2 and above respectively. q 24 hour recall q Global physical activity questionnaire M. Athar Ansari (India) 12/23

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70. 0 Sex Male (150) Female (90) 70 57. 8 60 50 40 % 30 23. 3 20. 0 20 11. 1 6. 0 10 7. 7 4. 0 0 Overweight Obese Goyal et al (2010), Aggarwal et al (2008) Underweight Normal M. Athar Ansari (India) 15/23

70 67. 7 Religion 62. 6 60 50 % 40 Hindu Muslim 30 21. 1 21. 5 20 8. 3 10 8. 4 7. 8 3. 0 0 Overweight Bharti et al (2008) Obese Underweight Normal M. Athar Ansari (India) 16/23

Calorie Intake Male Female 46. 7 43. 3 50 45 34. 4 40 30. 0 35 30 % 23. 3 22. 2 25 20 15 10 5 0 Adequate Deficient Bharti et al (2008), Mozaffari et al (2007) Excess M. Athar Ansari (India) 17/23

Non-overweight Overweight & Obese 64. 3 Calorie Intake 70 58. 2 60 50 % 40 23. 5 30 21. 4 18. 2 14. 3 20 10 0 Adequate Goyal et al (2010) Deficient Excess M. Athar Ansari (India) 18/23

Male Physical Activity 52. 7 60 Female 50. 0 50 40 30. 6 27. 8 % 22. 2 30 16. 7 20 10 0 Low Moderate Jafar et al (2008), Laxamaiah et al (2007), Anjana et al (2014) High M. Athar Ansari (India) 19/23

Physical Activity Non-overweight 60 51. 8 Overweight & Obese 51. 4 50 32. 9 40 27. 2 % 21. 4 30 20 15. 3 10 0 Low Rauner et al (2013), Shah et at (2013) Moderate High M. Athar Ansari (India) 20/23

Conclusions q There is urgent need for prevention of obesity and its risk factors among college students. q These findings have enormous significance for developing societies emerging from poverty and continuing to bear the double burden of both form of malnutrition in their populations. q Dietary patterns of urban children being influenced by their socio-economic status and the frequency of eating out. q Promoting healthy eating in schools. q Encouraging outdoor sports. q IEC M. Athar Ansari (India) 21/23

References 1. Aggarwal T, Bhatia RC, Singh D, Sobti PC. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in affluent adolescents from Ludhiana, Punjab. Indian Pediatrics 2008; 45(6): 500502. 2. Anjana RM, Pradeepa R et al. Physical activity and inactivity patterns in India – results from the ICMR-INDIAB study (Phase-1) [ICMR-INDIAB-5]. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014; 11: 26. 3. Bharti DR, Deshmukh PR, Garg BS. Correlates of overweight and obesity among school children of Wardha City, Central India, Indian Journal of Medical Research 2008; 127: 539 -543. 4. Goyal RK, Shah. VN, Saboo. BD et al. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Indian Adolescent School Going Children : Its Relationship with Socioeconomic Status and Associated Lifestyle Factors. Journal of Association of Physician of India 2010; 58: 151 -158. M. Athar Ansari (India) 22/23

5. Jafar TH, Qadri Z, Islam, M, Hatcher J, Bhutta ZA, Chaturvedi N. Rise in childhood obesity with persistently high rates of undernutrition among urban school-aged Indo-Asian children. Archives of disease in childhood 2008; 93(5): 373 -8. 6. Laxmaiah A, Nagalla B, Vijayaraghavan K, Nair M. Factors Affecting Prevalence of Overweight Among 12 - to 17 -year-old Urban Adolescents in Hyderabad, India. OBESITY 2007; 15(6): 1384 -1390. 7. Mozaffari H, Nabaei B. Obesity and related risk factors. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2007; 74: 265 -67. 8. Rauner A, Mess F, Woll A. The relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and overweight in adolescents: a systematic review of studies published in or after 2000. BMC Pediatrics 2013; 13: 19. 9. Shah JS, Patel PK, Patel B. Determinants of overweight and obesity among school children in Mehsana District, India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2013; 6(4): 408 -412. M. Athar Ansari (India) 23/23

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