Prevalence of GenderBased Violence and Its Impact on

Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence and Its Impact on Reproductive Health [SPEAKERS’ NAMES] [DATE]

Part I: Prevalence of GBV

Prevalence of GBV Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent worldwide: v A WHO study conducted in 10 countries found that between 15% and 71% of women experience some form of IPV at some point in their lives; in most countries prevalence estimates range from 30% to 60%. v. In most countries 20 -33% of women reported IPV within the past 12 months. Source: Garcia-Moreno et al. , 2005

Prevalence of GBV: Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence 75% 52% 48% 42% 33% 27% 16% 19% 20% Source: Hindin et al. , 2008

Prevalence of GBV: Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence 54% 32% 29% 23% 15% Source: Garcia-Moreno et al. , 2005

Prevalence of GBV: Intimate Partner Physical Violence • The WHO study found that, of ever-partnered women, 13%-61% experience physical violence at some point in their lives. • Most study sites found a prevalence of 23%49% of physical IPV. Source: Garcia-Moreno et al. , 2005

Prevalence of GBV: Sexual Violence • The WHO study found that 6% to 59% of women reported experience of sexual violence at some point in their lives, with most sites within the 10% to 50% range • 1% to 44% of women experienced sexual violence in the 12 months prior to the study Source: Garcia-Moreno et al. , 2005

Prevalence of GBV: Sexual Violence 29% 23. 6% 16. 6% 4. 3% 26. 6% 5. 3 % Source: Garcia- Moreno et al. 2005

Part II: Impact of GBV on Reproductive Health

Health Consequences of GBV Fatal Outcomes Non-fatal Outcomes • Femicide • Suicide • AIDS-related Physical Sexual & Reproductive Psychological & Behavioral mortality • Maternal mortality • Fractures • Chronic pain • Sexually-transmitted • Depression and infections, including HIV syndromes • Unintended pregnancy • Fibromyalgia • Pregnancy • Permanent complications disability • Gastro-intestinal • Traumatic gynecologic fistula disorders • Abortion complications anxiety • Eating and sleep disorders • Drug and alcohol abuse • Poor self-esteem • Post-traumatic stress disorder • Self-harm Source: Adapted from Bott, Morrison, and Ellsberg, 2005.

GBV Is a Public Health Issue Source: Heise et al. , 1994.

Health Consequences of GBV Percentage of women who report health outcomes as a consequence of acts carried out by their husbands or partners Source: Dominican Republic Demographic and Health Survey, 2000, cited in Kishor and Johnson, 2004.

GBV Has Severe Reproductive Health Impacts • Violence during pregnancy – Intimate partner violence prevalence of 4 -15% during pregnancy – Leading cause of death among pregnant women may be homicide

GBV Has Severe Reproductive Health Impacts (continued) • Violence and HIV/AIDS – Low relationship power and intimate partner violence increase risk of incident HIV infection – Forced sex is correlated to HIV risk – Victims of violence tend to engage in behaviors that put their health at risk – Proposing condom use may increase women’s risk of violence – Disclosing HIV status may increase risk of violence

“It is said that we were all born under a star; when I watch the stars at night I ask which of them is mine, so that I can change it for another one. ” --Survivor of GBV, Peru (in Velzeboer et al. , 2003)

References Bott, S. , A. Morrison, and M. Ellsberg. 2005. Preventing and Responding to Gender-based Violence in Middle and Low-income Countries: A Global Review and Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3618. Washington, DC: World Bank. Campbell, J. C. 2002. “Health Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence. ” Lancet 359(9314): 1331– 1336. Campbell, J. C. , and K. L. Soeken. 1999. “Forced Sex and Intimate Partner Violence: Effects on Women’s Risk and Women’s Health. ” Violence Against Women 5(9): 1017– 1035. Coker A. , P. Smith, L. Bethea, M. King, and R. Mc. Keown. 2000. “Physical Health Consequences of Physical and Psychological Intimate Partner Violence. ” Archives of Family Medicines 9(5): 451– 457. Garcia-Moreno, Claudia. Henrica, A. F. M. Ellsberg, M. E. Heise, L. Watts, C. 2005. “WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. ” Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.

References, continued Gielen, A. C. , P. J. O’Campo, J. C. Campbell, J. Schollenberger, A. B. Woods, A. S. Jones, J. A. Dienemann, J. Kub, and E. C. Wynee. 2000. “Women’s Opinions About Domestic Violence Screening and Mandatory Reporting. ” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 19(4): 279– 285. Heise, Lori, Jacqueline Pitanguy, and Adrienne Germain. 1994. “Violence against Women: The Hidden Health Burden. ” World Bank Discussion Paper No. 255. Washington, DC: World Bank. Heise, L. , M. Ellsberg, and M. Gottemoeller. 1999. “Ending Violence Against Women. ” Population Reports XXVII (Number 4, Series L, Number 11). Hindin, Michelle J. , S. Kishor, and D. L. Ansara. 2008. “Intimate Partner Violence Among Couples in 10 DHS Countries: Predictors and Health Outcomes. ” Calverton, MD: USAID. Horon, Isabelle. 2001. “Enhanced Surveillance for Pregnancy-Related Mortality: Maryland, 1993– 1998. ” Journal of the American Medical Association 285: 1455– 459.

References, continued Jewkes, R. J. , K. Dunkle, M. Nduna, and N. Shai. 2010. “Intimate Partner Violence, Relationship Power Inequity, and Incidence of HIV Infection in Young Women in South Africa: A Cohort Study. ” Lancet Early Online Publication, 16 June 2010. Jewkes, R. , C. Vundule, F. Maforah, and E. Jordaan. 2001. “Relationship Dynamics and Adolescent Pregnancy in South Africa. ” Social Science and Medicine 52(5): 733– 744. Kishor, S. and K. Johnson, 2004, Profiling Domestic Violence – A Multi-Country Study. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro. Letorneau, E. , M. Holmes, and J. Chasedunn-Roark. 1999. “Gynecologic Health Consequences to Victims of Interpersonal Violence. ” Women’s Health Issues 9(2): 115 – 120. Maman, S. , J. Campbell, M. Sweat, and A. Gielen. 2000. “The Intersections of HIV and Violence: Directions for Future Research and Interventions. ” Social Science and Medicine 50: 459– 478. Maman, S. , J. Mbwambo, J. Campbell, M. Hogan, G. Kilonzo, E. Weiss, and M. Sweat. 2002. “HIV- 1 Positive Women Report More Lifetime Experiences with Violence: Findings from a Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ” American Journal of Public Health 92(8): 1331 -1337.

References, continued Muhajarine, N. , and C. D’Arcy. 1999. “Physical Abuse During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Risk Factors. ”Canadian Medical Association Journal 160: 1007– 1011. Murphy, C. C. , B. Schei, T. L. Myhr, and J. Du Mont. 2001. “Abuse: a Risk Factor for Low Birth Weight? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ” Canadian Medical Association Journal 164(11): 1567– 72. Velzeboer, M. Ellsberg, C. Arcas, and C. Garcia-Moreno. 2003. Violence Against Women: The Health Sector Responds. Washington, DC: Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO).

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